Table of Contents
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9 PART I: CHEMISTRY AND PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID, LACTIDE, AND POLY(LACTIC ACID) 1 PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF LACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 LACTIC ACID 1.3 LACTIDE REFERENCES 2 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LACTIC ACID 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 STRUCTURE OF LACTIC ACID 2.3 VAPOR PRESSURE OF ANHYDROUS LACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE 2.4 OLIGOMERIZATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 2.5 EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION OF OLIGOMERS 2.6 VAPOR–LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM 2.7 DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 2.8 VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 2.9 SUMMARY REFERENCES 3 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF HIGH‐MOLECULAR‐WEIGHT POLY(LACTIC ACID) 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 LACTIC‐ACID‐BASED POLYMERS BY POLYCONDENSATION 3.3 LACTIC ACID‐BASED POLYMERS BY CHAIN EXTENSION 3.4 LACTIC‐ACID‐BASED POLYMERS BY RING‐OPENING POLYMERIZATION REFERENCES 4 DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLY(LACTIC ACID)/POLYLACTIDE COPOLYMERS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 COMONOMERS WITH LACTIC ACID/LACTIDE 4.3 FUNCTIONALIZED PLA 4.4 MACROMOLECULAR DESIGN OF LACTIDE‐BASED COPOLYMERS 4.5 PROPERTIES OF LACTIDE‐BASED COPOLYMERS 4.6 DEGRADATION OF LACTIDE HOMO‐ AND COPOLYMERS REFERENCES 5 PREPARATION, STRUCTURE, AND PROPERTIES OF STEREOCOMPLEX‐TYPE POLY(LACTIC ACID) 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 STEREOCOMPLEXATION IN POLY(LACTIC ACID) 5.3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF sc‐PLA 5.4 FORMATION OF STEREOBLOCK PLA 5.5 STEREOCOMPLEXATION IN COPOLYMERS 5.6 STEREOCOMPLEX PLA‐BASED COMPOSITES 5.7 Advances in Stereocomplex‐PLA 5.8 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
10 PART II: PROPERTIES 6 STRUCTURES AND PHASE TRANSITIONS OF PLA AND ITS RELATED POLYMERS 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 STRUCTURAL STUDY OF PLA 6.3 THERMALLY INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS 6.4 MICROSCOPICALLY‐VIEWED STRUCTURE‐MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLA 6.5 STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF PLLA/PDLA STEREOCOMPLEX 6.6 PHB AND OTHER BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS 6.7 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 7 OPTICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 ABSORPTION AND TRANSMISSION OF UV–VIS RADIATION 7.3 REFRACTIVE INDEX 7.4 SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION 7.5 INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 7.6 1H AND 13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY REFERENCES 8 CRYSTALLIZATION AND THERMAL PROPERTIES*