295 293
296 294
297 295
298 296
299 297
300 298
301 299
302 300
303 301
304 302
305 303
306 304
307 305
308 306
309 307
310 308
311 309
312 310
313 311
314 312
315 313
316 314
317 315
318 316
319 317
320 318
321 319
322 320
323 321
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Perovskite Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications
Edited by
Khursheed Ahmad
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
and
Waseem Raza
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-76027-6
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
In recent years, global energy demand has increased dramatically. This continuously increasing demand brought on by rapid population growth and industrialization represents one of the biggest challenges facing mankind. Currently, this demand is mainly being fulfilled by fossil fuels, which are limited and will be depleted in the near future due to the very high consumption rate. Moreover, the burning of fossil fuels produces a large amount of harmful gases, such as CO2, SOx, and NOx, which are being released into the atmosphere and polluting the environment. The higher concentration of harmful gases in the environment increases the risk of global warming and acid rain. In addition to this, direct dumping of different organic and inorganic waste into water systems also pollutes water reservoirs and causes waterborne diseases, leading to environmental problems. Therefore, since the ultimate global challenge is to achieve environmental sustainability for our society, it is very important to develop alternative long-lasting, clean and renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels.
Among all the alternative energy sources, solar energy is considered one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuels due to its easy availability, cleanness, and accessibility. Moreover, the sun is the fundamental and ultimate source of renewable energy for our planet, which can provide endless carbon emission-free energy for mankind. Around 3.85 yottajoules of solar energy reaches the Earth every year, which is approximately 104 times higher than the world energy consumption annually. However, the availability of solar light depends on the time of day, weather, and seasonal conditions. Therefore, it is critical to convert sunlight to usable or storable energy that can be used as required. In this context, different approaches, such as solar heating, solar thermal electricity,