24 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Abundance of the top seven items found in global coastal cleanup b...Table 1.2 Comparison of the embodied energy (GJ/kg) and carbon footprint (k...Table 1.3 A simple classification of plastics based on their feedstock.Table 1.4 Estimated environmental impacts of plastic manufacture (per 1000 ...Table 1.5 Common plastics litter found in the marine environment.Table 1.6 Characteristics of plastics typically encountered in marine debri...Table 1.7 Applications of common types of plastics.Table 1.8 Energy and carbon footprint associated with packaging milk in var...Table 1.9 Embodied energy and carbon data for 8‐inch diameter water pipes....
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Classes of plastic additives, typical loadings, and percent share...Table 2.2 Eight of the most commonly used phthalate plasticizers in PVC....Table 2.3 Examples of common antioxidant additives used in plastics.Table 2.4 Industrial releases of toxic plastic additives as reported to the...Table 2.5 Reported log K ow values, water solubility, molecular weight, and...Table 2.6 Examples of review articles discussing the toxicities of plastic ...Table 2.7 Plastic additives that are endocrine‐disrupting compounds.
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 (A) Emission rates and quantities of plastic to the environment a...
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Summary of density separation methods used to separate microplast...Table 4.2 Summary of chemicals used for digestion of marine organisms to ex...Table 4.3 The assignment for ATR‐FTIR spectral features of some plastics....Table 4.4 Advantages and limitations of the commonly used MP identification...
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Summary of published studies quantifying microplastic pollution in...
6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 A review of data published since 2010 on seafloor litter, as coll...Table 6.2 A review of data published since 2010 on seafloor litter, as coll...Table 6.3 A review of data published since 2010 on sediment microplastics.
7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Overview of plastic transport models.Table 7.2 Existing models and observation‐based estimates for river plastic...
8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 A comparison of radiation sources used in laboratory‐accelerated ...Table 8.2 Position of component peaks that compose the broad carbonyl absor...Table 8.3 Factors that control photodegradation of plastics in different oc...Table 8.4 Comparison of natural weathering data for plastic material expose...Table 8.5 Summary of recent publications on natural weathering of common pl...Table 8.6 Summary of publications on laboratory‐accelerated weathering of c...
9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Sorption of antibiotics by MPs.Table 9.2 Sorption of PAHs, PCBs, HCHs, and DDTs by MPs.Table 9.3 Sorption of flame retardants and fuel aromatics onto MPs.Table 9.4 Sorption of other types of pollutants by MPs.Table 9.5 Sorption of metals ions onto MPs.
10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Characteristics of the different ecological niches in the ocean ...Table 11.2 Suggested rates of plastic biodegradation in the marine environm...Table 11.3 Aerobic biodegradation of aliphatic polyester films in seawater....Table 11.4 Biodegradation of effectively nonbiodegradable common plastics u...Table 11.5 Representative weight‐loss studies on effectively nonbiodegradab...Table 11.6 A compilation of currently available standardized aerobic biodeg...
11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of the number of species within each taxa documented to ...
12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Estimated seafood dietary intake of microplastics by humans (cou...
13 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Toxicological effects of different nanoplastic polymers on vario...Table 14.2 Examples of select available methods for nanoplastic detection....
14 Chapter 16Table 16.1 International legal and policy framework applicable to marine pl...
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Classification of plastic types commonly found in the marine envi...Figure 1.2 Left: Global plastic resin production (2015 data), Right: Percent...Figure 1.3 Schematic representation of the manufacturing process for plastic...Figure 1.4 Global plastic resin production versus the population.Figure 1.5 Estimated plastic waste in the aquatic system versus projected po...Figure 1.6 Density (log particles/m3) of MPs (100–5000 μm) in the different ...Figure 1.7 Left: Categories of marine plastic debris developed by GESAMP (20...Figure 1.8 Hybrid PET with ~23% of bio‐based content (a fifth of carbon atom...Figure 1.9 Classification of plastics according to inherent biodegradability...Figure 1.10 A plot of the GWP (kg CO2‐e) versus Embodied Energy (GJ) per 100...Figure 1.11 A schematic of the molecular weight distribution of two samples ...Figure 1.12 Left: Scanning Electron Micrograph of an ultra‐high molecular we...Figure 1.13 Left: Illustration of the molecular geometry of LDPE and HDPE. M...Figure 1.14 Schematic representation of manufacturing a package.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Chemical structures of (a) PBDE, (b) HBCD, (c) TBBPA, and (d) PBB...Figure 2.2 Complex sources and transport of plastic additives to, from, and ...Figure 2.3 Transport and fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals to/from marin...