1% acetic acid (50 : 50, v/v)
LC-Orbitrap-MS
72–113
20
[28]
OCPs, OPPs, pyrethroids (58)
SLE: Water/Acetonitrile 1% acetic acid. Extraction salts: MgSO
4 and sodium acetate
Clean-up: MgSO
4, PSA & C18
GC-QqQ-MS/MS
69−119
100−5000
[61]
30-multicalss
SLE: Methanol
Clean-up: SPE (Oasis HLB)
LC-QTRAP-MS/MS
70−120
1−10
[93]
18-multiclass
SLE: Water/Acetonitrile (1 : 5, v/v)
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
50−120
50
[62]
Fenamidone, propamocarb
SLE: Methanol or Water
Clean-up: MgSO
4 & PSA
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
77−108
0.4–2
[100]
Oxanilic and sulfonic acid metabolites of acetochlor
SLE: Acetonitrile /Water (60 : 40, v/v)
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
91−120
1−2
[92]
Endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and their metabolites
SLE: Ethyl acetate with a 1 : 5 (w/v) soil-to-solvent ratio
GC-IT-MS
76−95
10−50
b
[29]
Acetochlor and Propisochlor
SLE: Methanol/water (1 : 1 v/v)
Clean-up: PSA
GC-ECD
80−116
10
[63]
10 OCPs
SLE: Water/Acetonitrile
Clean-up: MgSO
4
GC-QqQ-MS/MS
70−115
2−40
[106]
10 OCPs and metabolites
QuEChERS.
Clean-up: Sulfuric acid and florisil
GC-IRMS
60−100
500
[115]
218
QuEChERS using Acetonitrile 2.5% formic acid. Extraction salts: MgSO
4 & sodium acetate
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
GC-QqQ-MS/MS
70−120
0.5−20
[99]
Pydiflumetofen enantiomers
QuEChERS
Clean-up: MgSO
4 & C18
UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS
84–103
5
[97]
Pyrethroid pesticide metabolite
QuEChERS
Clean-up: d-SPE
GC-IT-MS
70−94
13
[64]
32-multiclass
UAE: 40 mL of methanol–water (4 : 1 v/v). 20 minutes
LC-Q-MS
60−110
1.5−5.0
[107]
25-Triazines, phenylureas, phenoxy acid pesticides
PLE: Dichloromethane –acetone (1 : 1, v/v) and Acetonitrile–water (2 : 1, v/v)
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
65−120
0.1−3
[95]
51 Fungicides and insecticides
PLE: Methanol:acetonitrile (70 : 30, v/v) Methanol: Acetonitrile:formic acid (65 : 30:5, v/v)
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
57−136
0.3−8.5
[96]
9 OPCs & PAHs
MAE: Hexane/water (3 : 2 v/v)
GC-QqQ-MS/MS
−
−
[104]
8 Pesticides and metabolites
DLLME
LC-FD
70−120
0.07−80
[114]
8 Chiral pesticides
MSPD-DLLME
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
87−104
0.2−1.5
[65]
5 OPPs
Deep eutectic solvent embedded sponge
LC-UV-Vis
−
−
[113]
aAbbreviations: DLLE: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; d-SPE: Dispersive solid phase extraction; ECD: Electron capture detector; FD: Fluorescence detection; GC: Gas chromatography; HLB: Hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced; IRMS: Isotope ratio mass spectrometry; IT: Ion trap; LC: Liquid chromatography; MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction; MS: Mass spectrometry; MSPD: Matrix solid phase dispersion; MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; OCPs: Organochlorine pesticides; OPPs: Organophosphorus pesticides; PAHs: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls; PLE: Pressurized liquid extraction; PSA: Primary secondary amine; Q: Single quadrupole; QqQ: Triple quadrupole; QTRAP: Hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap; SLE: Solid-liquid extraction; SPE: solid phase extraction. UAE: Ultrasonic-assisted extraction; UHPLC: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-visible detection.
bInstrumental method (µg l−1).
The PLE method is based on the use of a solvent that is applied at high pressure and temperature through a solid or semisolid sample (e.g. soils) to effectively extract the analytes, being faster than conventional SLE. The selection of optimum experimental parameters, such as extraction temperature, flush
