3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The inputs and outputs of photosynthesis.Figure 3.2 The components of water uptake and use related to grain yield. So...Figure 3.3 Relationships between water supply, evapotranspiration, transpira...Figure 3.4 The relationship between moisture content of a sandy loam on seed...Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic view of the wheat leaf surface and functioning of th...Figure 3.6 Relationships between stomatal conductance of the flag leaf, phot...Figure 3.7 The relationship between crop evapotranspiration (E t) and the si...Figure 3.8 The effect of withholding water for three days starting at a rang...Figure 3.9 Effect of day temperature (16/8 h day/night cycles, night tempera...Figure 3.10 The phases of wheat grain growth as delineated by changes in wat...Figure 3.11 The effect of reducing water availability to 44% of field capaci...Figure 3.12 The relationship between the maximum volume of water attained in...Figure 3.13 The effect of soil moisture deficits for 14 days during the line...Figure 3.14 Effect of weather on response of winter wheat grown on a shallow...Figure 3.15 Progression in national wheat yields in neighbouring counties wi...Figure 3.16 The response of wheat grain yield to increasing irrigation water...Figure 3.17 Components of surface irrigation systems.Figure 3.18 The distribution of wheat roots down a soil profile at anthesis....
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The effect of thermal time before and after mid‐anthesis (GS 65) ...Figure 4.2 The effect of temperature and wheat cultivar on an index that acc...Figure 4.3 Modal decimal growth stage (DGS) scores for 64 doubled haploid pr...Figure 4.4 The effect of temperature on time to 50% germination.Figure 4.5 Relationship between mean temperatures of month of sowing in UK a...Figure 4.6 The relationship between leaf emergence (collar visible) and ther...Figure 4.7 The effect of a one‐day transfer to 35/30 °C day/night temperatur...Figure 4.8 The effect of transfers to 8/2 °C day/night temperature (14 h day...Figure 4.9 Reported responses to heat stress during meiosis and anthesis ass...Figure 4.10 The proportion of flowers of a Hungarian wheat opening at differ...Figure 4.11 The effect of temperature on flag leaf senescence and grain fill...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The light reactions of photosynthesis.Figure 5.2 The dark reactions of photosynthesis.Figure 5.3 The two activities of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase...Figure 5.4 The absorbtance, action, and quantum yield spectra of wheat leave...Figure 5.5 The components of PAR interception and use related to grain yield...Figure 5.6 Relationship between canopy longevity, season‐long PAR intercepti...Figure 5.7 The relationship between dry matter accumulation and photosynthet...Figure 5.8 A typical allocation of the sources of photosynthate for grain yi...Figure 5.9 The effect of shading field grown wheat in England during differe...Figure 5.10 Annual UK wheat grain yields, grain specific weights, and mean d...Figure 5.11 The photo‐reversible forms of phytochrome (P).Figure 5.12 The relationship between green area index and light interception...Figure 5.13 The relationship between growth stage, leaf area index, mean dai...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The effect of sowing date on plants established and surviving to ...Figure 6.2 Relationships between interception of photosynthetically active r...Figure 6.4 Effects of plant population density and nitrogen fertiliser on yi...Figure 6.3 The relationships between plant population density and intercepti...Figure 6.5 The effect of plant breeding on the shift to more communal (a), r...Figure 6.6 The effect of sowing density of winter wheat on the plant establi...Figure 6.7 Some of nitrogen‐containing compounds important in photosynthesis...Figure 6.8 The effect of nitrogen on leaf photosynthesis. (a) The relationsh...Figure 6.9 The effect of applying nitrogen fertiliser on canopy components o...Figure 6.10 The relationship between nitrogen in the canopy and canopy size....Figure 6.11 A pathway of biologically fixed nitrogen from atmospheric N2 to ...Figure 6.12 The effect of nitrogen fertiliser application rate on the lodgin...Figure 6.13 The effect of nitrogen and a semi‐dwarfing reduced height allele...Figure 6.14 The relationship between lodging and crop height as affected by ...Figure 6.15 The effect of nitrogen and a semi‐dwarfing reduced height allele...Figure 6.16 The effect of nitrogen and a semi‐dwarfing reduced height allele...Figure 6.17 Estimates of grain yields (open symbols) and nitrogen fertilizer...Figure 6.18 Sources of nitrogen to increase availability to crops (heavy arr...Figure 6.19 The responses of (a) grain yield, and (b) nitrogen use efficienc...Figure 6.20 The relationship between the additional amount of nitrogen requi...Figure 6.21 The effect of time of nitrogen fertiliser application to winter ...Figure 6.22 The relationship between available phosphorus and wheat grain yi...Figure 6.23 (a) Sulphur‐containing amino acids. (b) A representation of prot...Figure 6.24 The effect of sowing rate on the partitioning of nitrogen and su...Figure 6.25 Applications of fungicides to UK wheat in terms of the number of...Figure 6.26 The effect of applying 0.125g azoxystrobin, a QoI fungicide (Tab...Figure 6.27 The relationship between maintaining flag leaf life with fungici...Figure 6.28 The relationship between maintaining flag leaf life with fungici...Figure 6.29 The relationship between maintaining flag leaf life with fungici...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Structure of the wheat spike and spikelet. Left, spikelets arrang...Figure 7.2 Diagram of the mature embryo sac of wheat, comprising seven cells...Figure 7.3 Transverse sections of developing wheat caryopses showing changes...Figure 7.4 Development of grains of wheat cv. Hereward grown in the UK. (a) ...Figure 7.5 Cross‐section of a developing wheat grain at about 28 days after ...Figure 7.6 Schematic structure of the mature wheat grains showing the differ...Figure 7.7 Light micrograph of a cross section from the cheek region of a de...Figure 7.8 Diagrammatic structure of the embryo of a mature wheat grain.Figure 7.9 Schematic structures of starch polymers: amylose and amylopectin....Figure 7.10 Light microscopy of a section of developing grain (a) and scanni...Figure 7.11 Schematic structures of the major cell wall polysaccharides pres...Figure 7.12 Concentrations of water‐extractable and total arabinoxylan in 15...Figure 7.13 Mean grain N contents and yields for 47 wheat cultivars grown at...Figure 7.14 Boxplot of mean Grain Protein Deviation (GPD) for 40 wheat culti...Figure 7.15 Separation of the major groups of gluten protein by electrophore...Figure 7.16 The classification of wheat gluten proteins.Figure 7.17 Schematic structures of typical wheat gluten proteins. The figur...Figure 7.18 Space filling model for the repetitive domain of a wheat HMW sub...Figure 7.19 Summary of the location of loci encoding gluten proteins on the ...Figure 7.20 The synthesis, processing, trafficking, and deposition of gluten...Figure 7.21 Sequences and structures of wheat ATIs. (a) Multiple sequence al...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Comparison of the surfaces of starchy endosperm cells of soft and...Figure 8.2 Possible molecular structure for wheat puroindoline b, showing th...Figure 8.3 Gluten forms networks in the grain and in dough and bread. The wh...Figure 8.4 Allelic variation in HMW subunits encoded by the Glu‐A1, Glu‐B1 a...Figure 8.5 Model to explain the role