Investing All-in-One For Dummies. Eric Tyson

profits from investments held more than one year, your federal and state capital gains taxes probably would total somewhat less.)

      

Before you sell, do some rough figuring to make sure you’ll have enough money left to accomplish what you want. If you seek to sell one investment and reinvest in another, you’ll owe tax on the profit unless you’re selling and rebuying real estate.

      

If you hold several assets, to diversify and meet your other financial goals, give preference to selling your largest holdings with the smallest capital gains. If you have some securities that have profits and some with losses, you can sell some of each to offset the profits with the losses.

      Handling losers in your portfolio

      Perhaps you have some losers in your portfolio. If you need to raise cash for some particular reason, you may consider selling select securities at a loss. You can use losses to offset gains as long as you hold both offsetting securities for more than one year (long term) or hold both for no more than one year (short term). The IRS makes this delineation because it taxes long-term gains and losses on a different rate schedule from short-term gains and losses.

      If you sell securities at a loss, you can claim up to $3,000 in net losses for the year on your federal income tax return. If you sell securities with net losses totaling more than $3,000 in a year, you must carry the losses over to future tax years.

      

Some tax advisors advocate doing year-end tax-loss selling with stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. The logic goes that if you hold a security at a loss, you should sell it, take the tax write-off, and then buy it (or something similar) back. When selling investments for tax-loss purposes, be careful of the so-called wash sale rules. The IRS doesn’t allow the deduction of a loss for a security sale if you buy that same security back within 30 days. As long as you wait 31 or more days, you won’t encounter any problems.

      

If you’re selling a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund, you can purchase a fund similar to the one you’re selling to easily sidestep this rule.

      Selling investments when you don’t know their original cost

      Sometimes, you may not know what an investment originally cost you, or you received some investments from another person, and you’re not sure what they paid for them.

      If you don’t have the original statement, start by calling the firm where the investment was purchased. Whether it’s a brokerage firm or mutual fund company, the company should be able to send you copies of old account statements, although you may have to pay a small fee for this service.

      Also, increasing numbers of investment firms, especially mutual fund companies, can tell you upon the sale of an investment what its original cost was. The cost calculated is usually the average cost for the shares you purchased.

Chapter 3

      Laying Out Your Financial Plans

      IN THIS CHAPTER

      

Knowing what you should do before investing

      

Understanding how your financial plan translates into your investing plan

      

Protecting your assets with insurance

      Before you make any great, wealth-building investments, you should get your financial house in order. Understanding and implementing some simple personal financial management concepts can pay off big for you in the decades ahead. This chapter explains what financial housekeeping you should do before you invest, as well as how to translate your overall personal and financial plans into an investment plan and ways to protect yourself and your property.

First Priorities: Paying Off High-Cost Debt and Building a Safety Reserve

      Plenty of younger adults have debts to pay and lack an emergency reserve of money for unexpected expenses. High-cost debts, such as on a credit card, can be a major impediment to investing, in particular, and accomplishing your future personal and financial goals, in a broader sense. A high interest rate keeps the debt growing and can cause your debt to spiral out of control, which is why the following sections discuss dealing with such consumer debt as your first priority, just before establishing an emergency reserve.

      Paying off high-cost consumer debt

      Paying down debts isn’t nearly as exciting as investing, but it can make your investment decisions less difficult. Rather than spending your time investigating specific investments, paying off your debts with money you’ve saved may indeed be your best investment.

      Consumer debt includes borrowing on credit cards, auto loans, and the like, which are often costly ways to borrow. Banks and other lenders charge higher interest rates for consumer debt than for debt for investments, such as real estate and business, because consumer loans are the riskiest type of loans for a lender. Risk means the chance of the borrower’s defaulting and being unable to pay back all that they borrowed.

      Many folks have credit card debt that costs 18 percent or more per year in interest. Some credit cards levy interest rates well above 20 percent if you make a late payment or two. Reducing and eventually eliminating this debt with your savings is like putting your money in an investment with a guaranteed tax-free return equal to the rate that you pay on your debt.

      For example, if you have outstanding credit card debt at 18 percent interest, paying off that debt is the same as putting your money to work in an investment with a guaranteed 18 percent tax-free annual return. Because the interest on consumer debt isn’t tax-deductible, you would need to earn more than 18 percent by investing your money elsewhere to net 18 percent after paying taxes. Earning such high investing returns is highly unlikely, and to earn those returns, you’d be forced to take great risk.

      

Consumer debt is hazardous to your long-term financial health (not to mention damaging to your credit score and future ability to borrow for a home or general ability to save and invest) because it encourages you to borrow against your future earnings. People say such things as “I can’t afford to buy a new car for cash, given how expensive new cars are.” Well, okay. New cars are expensive, so you need to set your sights lower and buy a good used car that you can afford. You can then invest the money that you’d otherwise spend on your auto loan.

      Establishing an emergency reserve

      You never know what life will bring, so having an accessible reserve of cash to meet unexpected expenses makes good financial sense. If you have generous parents or dear relatives, you can certainly consider using them as your emergency reserve. Just be sure you ask them in advance how they feel about that before you count on receiving funding from them. If you don’t have a financially flush family member, the onus is on you to establish a reserve.

You should have at least three months’