Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage. Группа авторов

in the monito...Figure 11.6 Convergence plots of (a) the data misfit and (b) the model misfi...Figure 11.7 (a) Time‐lapse walkaway VSP surveys at the SACROC CO₂‐EOR field;...Figure 11.8 (a) Time‐lapse difference obtained using conventional waveform i...

      11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Arbitrary seismic line through (a) Ip and (b) Is volumes includi...Figure 12.2 Stack of fractional change in shear‐wave splitting parameter in ...Figure 12.3 Crossplot of daily produced fluid in wells within Vacuum Field 9...Figure 12.4 Map of time‐lapse change in the shear‐wave splitting parameter m...Figure 12.5 Percentage difference in maximum trough amplitude between zero‐a...Figure 12.6 Map of percentage porosity in a carbonate buildup in west‐centra...Figure 12.7 Location map and stratigraphic column of the Kevin Dome Phase II...Figure 12.8 At Wallewein 22‐1 well, inverted Ip, Is, density log from indepe...Figure 12.9 (a) Inverted Is from PP‐inversion after applying a constant glob...Figure 12.10 The oscillation‐like ringing artifacts of the inverted density ...Figure 12.11 Crossplot between density porosity and computed P‐wave impedanc...Figure 12.12 Crossplot of measured density porosity and S‐wave impedance (Is...Figure 12.13 Map of implied porosity from transforms derived from porosity‐i...Figure 12.14 Mid‐Duperow porosity derived from average density values from q...Figure 12.15 Graph of average Ip values derived from the quadri‐joint invers...

      12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 This area of investigation was part of a Detailed Area Study (DA...Figure 13.2 Synthetic seismic generation and scenario comparison workflow. T...Figure 13.3 (a) CO₂‐brine mixing models. The bulk modulus and density (green...Figure 13.4 Well log with fluid substitution results: V_p, V_S, ρ, and gathers...Figure 13.5 (a) Cranfield well CFU 31F reservoir model acoustic impedance (g...Figure 13.6 (a) Cranfield preinjection and (b) postinjection reflection mode...Figure 13.7 Reflection seismic (a) before and (b) after CO₂ injection. Ampli...Figure 13.8 Preseismic and postseismic volumes used in differencing operatio...Figure 13.9 (a) P‐wave reflectivity difference volume. Arrow indicates reser...

      13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The principle of time‐lapse gravity monitoring. In this example,...Figure 14.2 The concept of measuring gravity in borehole and obtaining appar...Figure 14.3 The density contrast (kg/m³) between CO₂ and brine as a function...Figure 14.4 The variation of density as a function of temperature and depth....Figure 14.5 The Micro‐g Lacoste A10 portable absolute gravimeterFigure 14.6 The geologic reservoir model used in the multiphase flow simulat...Figure 14.7 Cross sections of the density difference between the start and t...Figure 14.8 The surface gravity response ((Gal) associated with the CO₂ plum...Figure 14.9 The borehole gravity anomaly associated with the CO₂ plume after...Figure 14.10 Deployment of the seafloor gravimeter (ROVDOG) at the Sleipner ...Figure 14.11 Side view of the Dover 33 Reef showing the location of the deep...Figure 14.12 Time‐lapse borehole gravity survey results at the MRCSP Michiga...

      14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Schematic sketch of a typical geological setting for CO₂ injecti...Figure 15.2 CO₂ phase diagram.Figure 15.3 Fluid resistivity as a function of NaCl concentration and temper...Figure 15.4 Rock bulk resistivity (ρ_b) as a function of CO₂ saturation (SCO₂ Sketch 15.1 Sketch 15.2 Figure 15.5 Example of an electrode array for a surface electrical survey. A...Figure 15.6 Surface bipole source and thin resistive layer model.Figure 15.7 Schlumberger response of deep conductive and resistive layers.Figure 15.8 Example of an anomaly created by a spherical cave of infinite re...Figure 15.9 (a) Change in electrical resistivity due to (b) CO₂ plume recove...Figure 15.10 (a) Schlumberger apparent resistivity response for a layer 50 m...Figure 15.11 Dipole‐dipole response for deep conductive and resistive bodies...Figure 15.12 MT response for deep conductive and resistive bodies.Figure 15.13 Spherical body in a uniform inducing field. P is the observatio...Figure 15.14 Geologic section with an irregular surface and overburden and s...Figure 15.15 Anomalous horizontal field at the surface for a resistive spher...Figure 15.16 Anomalous signal normalized by the primary field for a resistiv...Figure 15.17 B_Y (in Teslas) as a function of the depth of a 50 m resistive s...Figure 15.18 Response of a 100 Ohm‐m layer 50 m thick at a depth of 1.0 km b...Figure 15.19 The time domain response of a 50 m thick layer of 100 Ohm‐m in ...Figure 15.20 Electric field on the surface for a pole source on the surface ...

      15 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 A 2D cross‐well ERT layout. Electrodes are mounted on the outsid...Figure 16.2 (a) Layout of one injection well F1 and two monitoring wells F2 ...Figure 16.3 Contact resistance showing electrode conditions: (a) normal, (b)...Figure 16.4 Top row: Time‐lapse resistivity changes for the first 100 days a...Figure 16.5 Layout of monitoring system at the Vrøgum CO₂ injection site (no...Figure 16.6 Time‐lapse electrical conductivity changes along a diagonal cros...Figure 16.7 Comparison of (a) GPR‐derived CO₂ gas saturation and (b) ERT‐der...

      16 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Thickness map of the Skade formation with the three injection we...Figure 17.2 (a) and (b) P at year 2070. The vertical solid black lines in...Figure 17.3 (a) σ and (b) Δρ in Γ at year 2070.Note that Ω is outlined w...Figure 17.4 (a) ζ generated using ; (b) σ, (c) Δρ, and (d) V _p models mad...Figure 17.5 Step 1 CSEM inversion: (a) True σ, mean of the (b) initial, and ...Figure 17.6 Step 1 CSEM inversion: Variance of the (a) initial and (b) final...Figure 17.7 Step 1 gravity inversion: (a) True Δρ, mean of the (b) initial, ...Figure 17.8 Step 1 gravity inversion: Variance of the (a) initial and (b) fi...Figure 17.9 AVO_w inversion: (a) True V _p , mean of the (b) initial, and (c)...Figure 17.10 AVO_w inversion: Variance of the (a) initial and (b) final updat...Figure 17.11 The ζ generated using for (a) AVO_c and (c) AVO_g; and V _p f...Figure 17.12 AVO_c inversion: (a) True V _p , mean of the (b) initial, and (c...Figure 17.13 AVO_c inversion: Variance of the (a) initial and (b) final updat...Figure 17.14 AVO_g inversion: (a) True V _p , mean of the (b) initial, and (c...Figure 17.15 AVO_g inversion: Variance of the (a) initial and (b) final updat...Figure 17.16 Data misfit using initial ensemble from (a) AVO_w; and final upd...Figure 17.A1 Two arbitrary instances of the LSR with N _c = 2.Figure 17.A2 (a) Schematic detail of parameter grid (thick lines) and forwar...Figure 17.A3 Sketch of arbitrary q(x; m) in the vicinity of ζ: (a) LSR and (...

      17 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Salinity dependence of zeta potential (ζ). In the numerical simu...Figure 18.2 Relative streaming potential coefficient (C _r ) given by equati...Figure 18.3 Schematic representation of a geobattery.Figure 18.4 Three dimensional model used for reservoir simulation of CO₂ inj...Figure 18.5 Histories of total, gaseous, and dissolved CO₂ masses (a) in the...Figure 18.6 Pressure (blue), salinity (green), and CO₂ gas saturation (black...Figure 18.7 Self‐potential distribution produced through electrokinetic coup...Figure 18.8 Distributions of electrical conductivity (left), exchange curren...Figure 18.9 Self‐potential profile produced through the geobattery mechanism...Figure 18.10 Layout of SP monitoring network at the Aneth CCU/EOR test site....Figure 18.11 Measured self‐potentials from May 2008 to May 2010 for (a) thre...Figure 18.12 Layout of SP monitoring near the wellhead of monitoring well at...Figure 18.13 Measured self‐potentials from April 2014 through February 2017 ...

      18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Location of IBDP (blue star) in relation to Illinois Basin and s...Figure 19.2 Historic and instrument‐located earthquakes in Illinois from 179...Figure 19.3 Geologic column of the IBDP site showing Mt. Simon reservoir, se...Figure 19.4 Aerial site photo view with well locations.Figure 19.5 Cross section across the IBDP study site showing the Mt. Simon a...Figure 19.6 Diagram of pressure readings in lower six levels (zones) of VW1 ...Figure 19.7 Diagram showing configuration of borehole and monitoring equipme...Figure 19.8 (a) Geiger solution RMS residual slice for a selected constraine...Figure 19.9 Maximum theoretical uncertainty of microseismic x‐y‐z location a...Figure 19.10 Sample spectral analysis of data from CCS1 used to compute even...Figure 19.11 Clusters 1–4 directions