11 CHAPTER 3: Equity Shares, Preferred Shares, and Stock Market Indices INTRODUCTION PAR VALUE VERSUS BOOK VALUE ACCOUNTING FOR A STOCK ISSUE VOTING RIGHTS DIVIDENDS TREASURY STOCK ACCOUNTING FOR TREASURY STOCK SPLITS AND REVERSE SPLITS PREEMPTIVE RIGHTS INTERPRETING STATED RATIOS HANDLING FRACTIONS PHYSICAL CERTIFICATES VERSUS BOOK ENTRY TRACKING STOCK REPORT CARDS TYPES OF STOCKS RISK AND RETURN AND THE CONCEPT OF DIVERSIFICATION PREFERRED SHARES DIVIDEND DISCOUNT MODELS A GENERAL VALUATION MODEL THE CONSTANT GROWTH MODEL THE TWO-STAGE MODEL THE THREE-STAGE MODEL THE H MODEL STOCK MARKET INDICES PRICE-WEIGHTED INDICES THE IMPORTANCE OF PRICE VALUE-WEIGHTED INDICES CHANGING THE BASE PERIOD CAPITALIZATION EQUALLY WEIGHTED INDICES TRACKING PORTFOLIOS HANDLING A RIGHTS ISSUE THE FREE-FLOATING METHODOLOGY WELL-KNOWN GLOBAL INDICES MARGIN TRADING AND SHORT-SELLING TERMINOLOGY CASE A: THE MARKET RISES CASE B: THE MARKET DECLINES CASE A: THE MARKET RISES CASE B: THE MARKET DECLINES INTEREST AND COMMISSIONS CASE A: THE MARKET RISES CASE B: THE MARKET DECLINES MAINTENANCE MARGIN SHORT-SELLING MAINTENANCE OF A SHORT POSITION SHORTING AGAINST THE BOX THE RISK FACTOR THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF SHORT SALES THE UPTICK RULE NOTES
12 CHAPTER 4: Bonds INTRODUCTION TERMS USED IN THE BOND MARKET VALUATION OF A BOND PAR, PREMIUM, AND DISCOUNT BONDS EVOLUTION OF THE PRICE ZERO-COUPON BONDS VALUING A BOND IN BETWEEN COUPON DATES DAY-COUNT CONVENTIONS ACTUAL-ACTUAL THE TREASURY'S APPROACH CORPORATE BONDS ACCRUED INTEREST NEGATIVE ACCRUED INTEREST YIELDS THE CURRENT YIELD SIMPLE YIELD TO MATURITY YIELD TO MATURITY APPROXIMATE YIELD TO MATURITY ZERO-COUPON BONDS AND THE YTM ANALYZING THE YTM THE REALIZED COMPOUND YIELD REINVESTMENT AND ZERO-COUPON BONDS THE HOLDING PERIOD YIELD TAXABLE EQUIVALENT YIELD