Table 3.1 Elements contributing to effective clinical supervisor–student relationships.
| Clinical placement supervisor | Student |
|---|---|
| Identify expectationsProfessional approachSet boundariesDedicated time for the studentCompetence and experienceCredible role modelQuestioningFacilitates learning | Realistic expectationsProfessional approachWillingness and commitmentReflective learnerSelf‐awarenessUnderstands own learning needsQuestioning |
Caring for patients within their home environment, which could be a private house or a residential or nursing home setting, provides the nursing student with a number of unique learning opportunities. In preparing to learn within this very diverse and often challenging setting, it may be helpful to begin by considering the learning opportunities in terms of the skills that the student may be able to develop:
Communication skills: Talking to patients, family members, carers and other health professionals in an environment where the nurse is the ‘visitor’.
Observational skills: Recognising the challenges that the patient may face in achieving concordance with any identified plan of care.
Consultation skills: History taking and information gathering in order to inform the development of a care plan. It is important to consider the limitations of the environment and the absence of many of the structures and support services that may be taken for granted within the acute healthcare setting in order to inform the plan.
Presentation skills: Presenting information both formally and informally in a manner that can be understood by the particular audience and is appropriate to the setting.
Flexibility, adaptability and competency skills: Being able to carry out skills competently and effectively whilst adapting to the challenges of the environment.
Evaluation skills: Considering outcomes of care in terms of the patient themselves, the delivery of the service in this setting, and in relation to the organisation’s objectives and targets.
Although these skills are all transferable to other healthcare settings, learning within the community setting allows the practitioner to really develop these ‘generalist’ skills towards a more ‘specialist’ level, with clear benefits to patient care.
In order to be able to take full advantage of these learning opportunities, preparing to learn within this generalist/specialist arena will pay dividends in terms of both personal and professional development. Preparation for practice could be considered from a number of different perspectives relating to the individual student, the environment of care, and the clinical staff working in the practice area (Figure 3.1).
Individual learning
For the individual student, preparing to learn within the community setting may be guided by asking a number of questions:
What are my personal learning and development needs at this point in time?
What is my own learning style (Figure 3.2)?
What do I understand by the term ‘community’?
What are my expectations of the community setting as an environment for learning?
What knowledge/skills/experience can I bring to the community setting to enhance and maximise my learning experience?
In answering these questions it may be helpful to use a structured framework, such as the Strengths/Weaknesses/Opportunities/Concerns approach, to guide your decision‐making.
The environment of care
It could be argued that any care environment that is clinically effective will also be an effective learning environment. However, a conscious effort is required in order to ensure that a clinical setting provides both students and practitioners with a safe and worthwhile learning experience. In ensuring quality within the learning environment it is helpful to consider the structure, process, and outcome of the learning experience (Figure 3.3).
In accordance with the Standards for pre‐registration nursing programmes (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2018a), it is a responsibility of the educational provider to ensure that students are provided with the opportunity to experience a wide variety of clinical experiences. Working together with clinical practice partners, students will be able to develop to meet the required standards of performance expected of a qualified nurse. Robust working relationships between educational and clinical staff are fundamental to ensuring that the learning environment is maintained.
Clinical simulation also plays a part in supporting preparation for clinical learning, giving students the opportunity to practise skills and ‘make mistakes’ in a safe environment, which would not be acceptable within clinical practice. Participating in community clinical simulation learning prior to going out into clinical practice allows the learner to be more aware of the role of decision‐making and problem‐solving skills, through reflection and debriefing, and to recognise environmental cues which will support the learner to contribute to holistic assessment in practice.
Clinical staff
This final element in the learning triad has a crucial role to play in ensuring a positive learning experience for students and practitioners. Acting as a supervisor and role model is fundamental to nursing practice and is recognised as a role for which there is a formal preparation process. Learners in the community setting need to be supported by an identified member of the clinical team and their goal is to empower students to have the confidence to take responsibility for their own learning.
Establishing a trusting working relationship between the student and clinical placement supervisor is fundamental to achieving a meaningful learning experience (Table 3.1). The community setting provides excellent opportunities for the development of interpersonal relationships as work is very much one‐to‐one, both with patients as well as when working closely with mentors in the home setting.
4 Providing student placements in the community
Irene Cooke, QN and Deborah Haydock, QN
Figure 4.1 Examples of alternative practice placements.
Figure 4.2 Examples of ‘hub and spoke’ practice placements.
Figure 4.3 Guidelines for issues arising in practice placements.