Health Promotion Programs. (SOPHE) Society for Public Health Education. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: (SOPHE) Society for Public Health Education
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Медицина
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119770909
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equity is assessed by measuring how these disparities change over time, in absolute and relative terms. The gaps are closed by making special efforts to improve the health of excluded or marginalized groups, not by worsening the health of those who are better off. Key insights in addressing health equity focus on health, which is more than healthcare. Consider these five key insights (Braveman et al., 2017):

       Health inequities are neither natural nor inevitable.

       Your ZIP code may be more important than your genetic code for health.

       The choices we make are shaped by the choices we have.

       Structural racism acts as a force in the distribution of opportunities for health.

       All policy is health policy.

      Health equity and social justice are values that imply a pledge to eliminate health inequities and its causes, most of which are rooted in the structural determinants of health. From this perspective, the pursue of health equity and social justice are associated with ethics and human rights. Achieving health equity and social justice occur when all individuals and groups have the opportunity to attain their full health potential regardless of their social position or other socially determined circumstance (Arcaya et al., 2015).

      Health Status and Healthcare Vary

      Health status and healthcare vary among individuals and groups of people within the same community. Differences in health status among groups within a community are most often related to economic status, race and ethnicity, gender, education, disability, geographic location, or sexual orientation . Although genes, behavior, and medical care play a role in how well we feel and how long we live, the social conditions in which we are born, live, and work have the most significant impact on health and longevity. Similarly, the way we organize our communities, the “social structure,” affects how we feel about ourselves and the role we play in the society. These social conditions that impact an individual’s health status are known collectively as the social determinants of health, and they include the human and social capital as well as opportunities for equality in individual development and participation in community life.

      Poverty

      Figure 2.2 Poverty by Race/Ethnicity

      Source: PovertyUSA.org, 2020. Poverty Facts. The Population of Poverty USA. PovertyUSA.org. © 2019 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington, D.C.

      Figure 2.3 Food Insecurity Note: Food-insecure households include those with low food security and very low food security.

      Housing is key to reducing intergenerational poverty and increasing economic mobility. Even in the United States, increasing access to affordable housing is the most cost-effective strategy for reducing childhood poverty and increasing economic mobility. However, 75 percent of all extremely low-income families spend more than half their income on rent. Similarly, losing housing has a ripple effect on obtaining basic necessities such as food and medicines, leads to depression and child abuse, and compromises education (Cunningham, 2016). Despite this, over half a million Americans go homeless on a single night in the United States (The Council of Economic Advisors, 2019).

      Race, Ethnicity, and Healthcare

      Figure 2.4 Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities among Communities of Color Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites

      Education

      Figure 2.5 Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate (ACGR) for Public High School Students, by Race/Ethnicity: 2016–17

      An overarching goal of Healthy People 2030 is to “eliminate health