21 17 Techno-Economic Issues of Grid Connected Large Photovoltaic Plants of Smart City Prayagraj to the EV Charging Station: A Case Study (A Case Study of 5 MW Photovoltaic Power Plant at Prayagraj) 17.1 Introduction 17.2 PV Generation Feasibility Study for Prayagraj for EV Charging Stations 17.3 Modeling and Challenges of Grid Integrated Photovoltaic System 17.4 Real-Time Challenges of 5MW Solar Plant at Naini, Prayagraj, India 17.5 Whole System Layout and Description 17.6 Cost Analysis of Complete PV System 17.7 Conclusion References
22 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Flow diagram to understand and judge the level of smartness based on ...Figure 1.2 A brief on different approaches to smart charging techniques.Figure 1.3 A schematic to differentiate V2H/V2B and V2G.Figure 1.4 Communication between various entities in smart charging infrastructu...Figure 1.5 Schematic of centralized controller in smart charging architecture.Figure 1.6 Schematic of decentralized controller in smart charging architecture.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Traditional and new models of distribution grid.Figure 2.2 Global electric vehicles registrations.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Evolution of electric vehicles.Figure 3.2 Charger power based on battery capacity.Figure 3.3 Two- and three-wheeler charger power.Figure 3.4 Charging power for opportunity charging of electric car fleets.Figure 3.5 Charging power for opportunity charging of electric buses.Figure 3.6 Applicable of strategies to control charging at peak demand.Figure 3.7 First come, first served charging approach.Figure 3.8 Multiple possibilities of solar EV charging.Figure 3.9 Schematic for smart battery swapping.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Energy management and dynamic pricing algorithm [1].Figure 4.2 Charging service provider business framework [1].Figure 4.3 Framework for management of EV charging station [6].Figure 4.4 EV charging system framework based on price negotiation [2].Figure 4.5 Framework of proposed charging pricing strategy [5].Figure 4.6 Representation of multi-agent EV network model [17].Figure 4.7 EV network’s multi-agent control system under RL-AHC algorithm [17].
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Charging strategy for electric vehicles.Figure 5.2 Flowchart of demand prediction process.Figure 5.3 Flowchart of demand shifting process.Figure 5.4 Result of clustering algorithm.Figure 5.5 Flowchart of surrounding vehicle selection process.Figure 5.6 Load curve of office building.Figure 5.7 Power demand predicted by algorithms implemented.Figure 5.8 Power demand predicted by algorithms implemented.Figure 5.9 Standardized input data set.Figure 5.10 Result of data clustering algorithm.Figure 5.11 Power demand predicted by algorithms implemented.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Implementation of strategy of charging an EV battery with: (a) CC cur...Figure 6.2 Models of Li-ion battery with EV charger [18].Figure 6.3 Characteristics of single cell of Li-ion battery of LFP200AHA type [2...Figure 6.4 Model of battery set for ES comprising Li-ion cells.Figure 6.5 Model of battery set 800Ah/320V/256kWh comprising 400 Li-ion cells wi...Figure 6.6 Linear approximation of voltages of LFP200AHA Li-ion cell between 20%...Figure 6.7 Proposed CC strategy for EV battery charging.Figure 6.8 Computing model of DC/DC boost converter where energy storage feeds D...Figure 6.9 Waveforms in boost mode of DC/DC converter from Figure 6.8: (a) PWM c...Figure 6.10 Proposed solution of double function of drive VFC for EV battery cha...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Local 600V DC microgrid of industrial company to supply clean energy ...Figure 7.2 Scheme of fast EV charging station connected to 600V DC microgrid.Figure 7.3 Simulation model of PWM inverter with battery rectifier.Figure 7.4 Structure of drive VFCs with diode input rectifier (9) with input inv...Figure 7.5 Single-phase equivalent diagram for inverter illustrating rectifying ...Figure 7.6 Stages of integrating hybrid EV charging station.Figure 7.7 Solar energy production in 25kWp PV power plant.Figure 7.8 Charging battery with different voltage levels to receive constant ch...Figure 7.9 Laboratory stand with three-phase transformer connected to TN-S power...Figure 7.10 Information indicating on LCP panel of drive VFC while stabilizing R...Figure 7.11 Various values of DC voltage rectification to ensure constant value ...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Region wise global EV growth, 2010-2019 [1].Figure 8.2 Consumer’s concern for battery EVs [4].Figure 8.3 (a) Public and private accessible EV slow chargers by country, 2019 [...Figure 8.4 EVs announced models launched in past and projected growth worldwide ...Figure 8.5 Categories of EVs based on technology used [7, 8].Figure 8.6 Schematic representation of types of EVs [7, 8].Figure 8.7 Progress of types of smart charging.Figure 8.8 Major SAE Standards for EVs.Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of EVs’ physical infrastructure.Figure 8.10 Adoption of EVs by country [1-4].Figure 8.11 Smart charging providing flexible provisions to grid [8].Figure 8.12 Energy flow and participation of market for smart EV and charging st...Figure 8.13 Effects of smart charging from supply to demand [21].Figure 8.14 Forms of smart charging.Figure 8.15 Charger arrangement under Level 1 and Level 2.Figure 8.16 Charger configuration under Level 3.Figure 8.17 Security attack: vector from charging station to customers [8].Figure 8.18 Electric mobility international standards.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 System load profile of case study (a) daily and (b) seasonal.Figure 9.2 EVs load profile (a) daily, (b) seasonal.Figure 9.3 NIT Durgapur (NITD) topographical location.Figure 9.4 Availability of annual data for case study (a) solar data, (b) wind d...Figure 9.5 Flow chart for planning of EV-FCS with renewables using HOMER.Figure 9.6 Connection diagram of (a) base and (b) proposed system without EVFCS.Figure 9.7 Load profile on a day (Peak load 1,488.52 kW) without EV-FCS.Figure 9.8 Projected annual savings on utility bill by different options of prop...Figure 9.9 Monthly electrical bills of (a) base