References
1 1. Sultan AH, Monga A, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female anorectal dysfunction. International urogynecology journal. 2017; 28(1):5–31.
2 2. Leigh RJ, Turnberg LA. Faecal incontinence: the unvoiced symptom. Lancet. 1982; 1(8285):1349–51.
3 3. Ng KS, Sivakumaran Y, Nassar N, Gladman MA. Fecal incontinence: community prevalence and associated factors – a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015; 58(12):1194–209.
4 4. Gorina Y, Schappert S, Bercovitz A, Elgaddal N, Kramarow E. Prevalence of incontinence among older Americans. Vital Health Stat 3. 2014(36):1–33.
5 5. Meyer I, Richter HE. Impact of fecal incontinence and its treatment on quality of life in women. Womens Health (Lond). 2015; 11(2):225–38.
6 6. Miner PB, Jr. Economic and personal impact of fecal and urinary incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126(1 Suppl 1):S8–13.
7 7. Yip SO, Dick MA, McPencow AM, Martin DK, Ciarleglio MM, Erekson EA. The association between urinary and fecal incontinence and social isolation in older women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2013; 208(2):146 e1–7.
8 8. AlAmeel T, Andrew MK, MacKnight C. The association of fecal incontinence with institutionalization and mortality in older adults. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2010; 105(8):1830–4.
9 9. Nakanishi N, Tatara K, Shinsho F, et al. Mortality in relation to urinary and faecal incontinence in elderly people living at home. Age and ageing. 1999; 28(3):301–6.
10 10. Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy. Elsevier; 2016.
11 11. Taylor BM, Beart RW, Jr, Phillips SF. Longitudinal and radial variations of pressure in the human anal sphincter. Gastroenterology. 1984; 86(4):693–7.
12 12. McNeil NI, Rampton DS. Is the rectum usually empty? – A quantitative study in subjects with and without diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum. 1981; 24(8):596–9.
13 13. Palit S, Lunniss PJ, Scott SM. The physiology of human defecation. Digestive diseases and sciences. 2012; 57(6):1445–64.
14 14. Tagart RE. The anal canal and rectum: their varying relationship and its effect on anal continence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1966; 9(6):449–52.
15 15. Bannister JJ, Davison P, Timms JM, Gibbons C, Read NW. Effect of stool size and consistency on defecation. Gut. 1987; 28(10):1246–50.
16 16. Matheson DM, Keighley MR. Manometric evaluation of rectal prolapse and faecal incontinence. Gut. 1981; 22(2):126–9.
17 17. Lagier E, Delvaux M, Vellas B, al. Influence of age on rectal tone and sensitivity to distension in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 1999; 11(2):101–7.
18 18. Rociu E, Stoker J, Eijkemans MJ, Lameris JS. Normal anal sphincter anatomy and age‐ and sex‐related variations at high‐spatial‐resolution endoanal MR imaging. Radiology. 2000; 217(2):395–401.
19 19. Ryhammer AM, Laurberg S, Bek KM. Age and anorectal sensibility in normal women. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997; 32(3):278–84.
20 20. Gomes OA, de Souza RR, Liberti EA. A preliminary investigation of the effects of aging on the nerve cell number in the myenteric ganglia of the human colon. Gerontology. 1997; 43(4):210–7.
21 21. Loening‐Baucke V, Anuras S. Sigmoidal and rectal motility in healthy elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1984; 32(12):887–91.
22 22. O’Toole PW, Jeffery IB. Gut microbiota and aging. Science. 2015; 350(6265):1214–5.
23 23. Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S, et al. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature. 2012; 488(7410):178–84.
24 24. Whitehead WE, Borrud L, Goode PS, Meikle S, Mueller ER, Tuteja A, et al. Fecal incontinence in US adults: epidemiology and risk factors. Gastroenterology. 2009; 137(2):512‐7, 7 e1‐2.
25 25. Sharma A, Marshall RJ, Macmillan AK, Merrie AE, Reid P, Bissett IP. Determining levels of fecal incontinence in the community: a New Zealand cross‐sectional study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011; 54(11):1381–7.
26 26. Sharma A, Yuan L, Marshall RJ, Merrie AE, Bissett IP. Systematic review of the prevalence of faecal incontinence. The British journal of surgery. 2016; 103(12):1589–97.
27 27. Musa MK, Saga S, Blekken LE, Harris R, Goodman C, Norton C. The prevalence, incidence, and correlates of fecal incontinence among older people residing in care homes: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2019; 20(8):956–62 e8.
28 28. Pretlove SJ, Radley S, Toozs‐Hobson PM, Thompson PJ, Coomarasamy A, Khan KS. Prevalence of anal incontinence according to age and gender: a systematic review and meta‐regression analysis. International urogynecology journal and pelvic floor dysfunction. 2006; 17(4):407–17.
29 29. Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD, Melton LJ, 3rd. Bowel disturbances are the most important risk factors for late onset fecal incontinence: a population‐based case‐control study in women. Gastroenterology. 2010; 139(5):1559–66.
30 30. Kinnunen O, Jauhonen P, Salokannel J, Kivela SL. Diarrhea and fecal impaction in elderly long‐stay patients. Z Gerontol. 1989; 22(6):321–3.
31 31. Harvey MA, Pierce M, Alter JE, et al. Obstetrical anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): prevention, recognition, and repair. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada; Journal d’obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada. 2015; 37(12):1131–48.
32 32. Markland AD, Dunivan GC, Vaughan CP, Rogers RG. Anal intercourse and fecal incontinence: evidence from the 2009‐2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2016; 111(2):269–74.
33 33. Read MG, Read NW, Haynes WG, Donnelly TC, Johnson AG. A prospective study of the effect of haemorrhoidectomy on sphincter function and faecal continence. The British journal of surgery. 1982; 69(7):396–8.
34 34. Kairaluoma MV, Kellokumpu IH. Epidemiologic aspects of complete rectal prolapse. Scand J Surg. 2005; 94(3):207–10.
35 35. Sakakibara R, Kishi M, Ogawa E, et al. Bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis. 2011; 2011:924605.
36 36. Siegl E, Lassen B, Saxer S. Incontinence – a common issue for people with Parkinson’s disease. A systematic literature review. Pflege Z. 2013; 66(9):540–4.
37 37. Hinds JP, Eidelman BH, Wald A. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. A population survey. Gastroenterology. 1990; 98(6):1538–42.
38 38. Wiesel PH, Norton C, Glickman S, Kamm MA. Pathophysiology and management of bowel dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001; 13(4):441–8.
39 39. Verhoef M, Lurvink M, Barf HA, et al. High prevalence of incontinence among young adults with spina bifida: description, prediction and problem perception. Spinal cord. 2005; 43(6):331–40.
40 40. Francis K. Physiology and management of bladder and bowel continence following spinal cord injury. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2007; 53(12):18–27.
41 41. Erekson EA, Sung VW, Myers DL. Effect of body mass index on the risk of anal incontinence and defecatory dysfunction in women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2008; 198(5):596 e1–4.
42 42. Altman D, Falconer C, Rossner S, Melin I. The risk of anal incontinence in obese women. International urogynecology journal and pelvic floor dysfunction. 2007; 18(11):1283–9.
43 43. Burgio KL, Richter HE, Clements RH, Redden DT, Goode PS. Changes in urinary and fecal incontinence symptoms with weight loss surgery in morbidly obese women. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2007; 110(5):1034–40.
44 44. Bytzer P, Talley NJ, Leemon M, Young LJ, Jones MP, Horowitz M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus: a population‐based