Earth Materials. John O'Brien. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: John O'Brien
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Серия:
Жанр произведения: География
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119512219
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called subshell ”, in which the electron occurs. This is related to the angular momentum of the electron and the shape of its orbital. Azimuthal quantum numbers or subshells are labeled s, p, d, and f. As discussed below, the number of electrons in the s and p “subshells” of the atom's highest principal quantum level largely determines the chemical behavior of elements. All four azimuthal quantum numbers are important for understanding the layout of the periodic table of the elements which is discussed below. The other two quantum properties, the magnetic quantum number (m) and the spin number (±½) define the orientation of the quantum probability region in which the electron is located and its spin relative to a reference framework. Table 2.2 summarizes the quantum properties of the electrons that can exist in principle quantum regions or “shells” 1–7. To summarize, each electron in an atom possesses a unique set of the four principle quantum properties.

Principal quantum number Subshell description Number of electrons
1 (K) 1s 2
2 (L) 2s 2
2p 6
3 (M) 3s 2
3p 6
3d 10
4 (N) 4s 2
4p 6
4d 10
4f 14
5 (O) 5s 2
5p 6
5d 10
5f 14
6 (P) 6s 2
6p 6
7 (Q) 7s 2
Total = 92
Schematic illustration of the quantum properties of electrons in the 92 naturally occurring elements, listed with increasing quantum energy (E) from bottom to top; K-shell electrons violet; L-shell blue; M-shell bluish green; N-shell green; O-shell yellow; P-shell orange and Q-shell red. Schematic illustration of the diagonal rule for determining the sequence in which electrons are added to the electron cloud; K-shell electrons violet; L-shell blue; M-shell bluish green; N-shell green; O-shell yellow; P-shell orange and Q-shell red.

      2.2.1 Rows (periods) on the periodic table