Handbook of Intelligent Computing and Optimization for Sustainable Development. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Техническая литература
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119792628
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are collapsed. It will be usable in any emergency situation. For example, the picture below depicts the fall of the Margalla towers in the year 2008, due to the earthquake. At that time all the networks had stopped working. CrANs can be used in these situations as a recovery network. It will be operatable if even a few nodes are available whether MANETs or FANETs.

      In a third world country like Pakistan, no proper replacement for other networks works properly. In these type of emergency situations (which are quite frequent), CrANs can be used as a substitute. It does not require a strong infrastructure to be made.

       6.3.5.7 Earth Quake

      Pakistan is a country which experiences frequent earthquakes. There have been almost half a dozen major earthquakes in the past 20 years. In these times when most other networks collapse, CrANs can be used as it is designed for such purposes where there is no proper channel of communication.

      Due to security reasons, jammers are setup after such events. All other modes of communication fail at this time. We can use CrANs by connecting it to the VANETs which are basically present on all road sides. By using this, we can transfer information to inform security institutions and get help. One of the latest examples of such a devastation where all networks failed and communication breakdown is of the blast that occurred in Saiwan Shareef. No help could be provided immediately as there was no possible way of communication and security institutes were not able to get an idea of the situation. As a result of which, many lives were wasted.

      6.4.1 Deployment Area

      6.4.2 Divide Deployment Area Into Equal Zones

      Divide the deployment area into the equal zones by involving l, b, and n. The parameters at which division is done are gap = l/n, x = 0: gap: l, y = 0:0.1: b, where x, y, n are axis and number of zones, respectively.

A snapshot of the positioning of sensor nodes.

      Sensor node function involves l, b, and n. n = length(x), it indicates the number of divisions + 1, and y = n − 1 represents number of divisions in deployment area where h = sn. Next, we see is the command window. Nodes are in even and odd spaces in their zones according to the command.

      6.4.4 Mesh Formation

      6.4.5 Getting the Minimum Spanning Tree for the Whole Placement Area

      6.4.6 Energy Calculation

A snapshot of the graph of mesh formation. A snapshot of the graph of the minimum spanning tree. A snapshot of the graph of throughput vs. delivery ratio.

      6.4.7 Average Delay

      Average delay is the delay in time (ms) from source to destination node by every node in the deployment area. We Enter the delay in time (ms) = 100. The average delay is 320.000 ms.

      For simulation of VANETs, we will first put the numbers of nodes in the area. First of all, we will set the coordinates of x and y. Coordinates of x and y is low = 0 (%lower bound to both the axis).

      6.5.1 Placement of Nodes

      6.5.2 Sender Node and Receiver Node

      6.5.3 Euclidean Distance Between Two Coordinates