12 Crowhurst, D. M., Dadson, S. J., & Washington, R. (2020). Evaluation of evaporation climatology for the Congo Basin wet seasons in 11 global climate models, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2019JD030619. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2019JD030619
13 Dezfuli, A. K., Zaitchik, B. F., & Gnadadesikan, A. (2015). Regional atmospheric circulation and rainfall variability in south equatorial Africa. Journal of Climate, 28, 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐14‐00333.1
14 Dezfuli, A. K., & Nicholson, S. E. (2013). The relationship of interannual variability in western equatorial Africa to the tropical oceans and atmospheric circulation. Part II. The boreal autumn, Journal of Climate, 26, 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐11‐00686.1
15 Diem, J. E., Sung, H. S., Konecky, B. L., Palace, M. W., Salerno, J., & Hartter, J. (2019). Rainfall characteristics and trends – and the role of Congo westerlies – in the western Uganda transition zone of equatorial Africa from 1983–2017. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 10712–10729. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031243
16 Dyer, E. L E., Jones, D. B. A., Nusbaumer, J., Li, H., Collin, O., Vettoretti, G., & Noone, D. (2017). Congo Basin precipitation: assessing seasonality, regional interactions, and sources of moisture. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122, 6882–6898. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026240
17 Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M, Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., et al. (2015). The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations – a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Scientific Data, 2, 150066. doi: 10/1038/sdata.2015.66
18 Hamada, A., Takayabu, Y. N., Liu, C. T., & Zipser, E. J. (2015). Weak linkage between the heaviest rainfall and tallest storms. Nature Communications, 6. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7213
19 Hartman, A.T. (2016). Tracking and Analysis of Mesoscale Convective Systems over Central Equatorial Africa. Master’s Thesis, Florida State University.
20 Hartman, A.T. (2021). Tracking and analysis of mesoscale convective systems in central equatorial Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 41, 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6632
21 Hastenrath, S. (2007). Circulation mechanisms of climate anomalies in East Africa and the equatorial Indian Ocean. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 43, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2006.06.002
22 Hastenrath, S., Polzin, D., & Mutai, C. (2011). Circulation mechanisms of Kenya rainfall anomalies. Journal of Climate, 24, 404–412. doi: 10.1175/ 2010JCLI3599.1
23 Hua, W., Zhou, L., Chen, H., Nicholson, S. E., Raghavendra, A., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Possible causes of the Central Equatorial African long‐term drought. Environmental Research Letters, 11, 124002. doi: 10.1088/1748‐9326/11/12/124002
24 Hua, W., Zhou, L., Chen, H., Nicholson, S. E., Jiang, Y., & Raghavendra, A. (2018). Understanding the Central Equatorial African long‐term drought using AMIP‐type simulations. Climate Dynamics, 50, 1115–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382‐017‐3665‐2
25 Huffman, G. J., & Bolvin, D. T. (2014). TRMM and other data precipitation data set documentation. TRMM Document, 42 pp. (Available online at ftp://meso‐a.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/trmmdocs/3B42_3B43_doc.pdf.)
26 Huffman, G. J., Bolvin, D. T., Nelkin, E. J., Wolff, D. B., Adler, R. F., Gu, G., et al. (2007). The TRMM Multi‐satellite precipitation analysis: Quasi‐global, multi‐year, combined‐sensor precipitation estimates at finer scale. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8, 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM560.1
27 Jackson, B., Nicholson, S. E., & Klotter, D. (2009). Mesoscale convective systems over western equatorial Africa and their relationship to large‐scale circulation. Monthly Weather Review, 137, 1272–1294. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2525.1
28 Janicot, S., Moron, V., & Fontaine, B. (1996). Sahel droughts and ENSO dynamics. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 515–518. https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL00246
29 Kuete, G., Pokam, W. M., & Washington, R. (2020). African Easterly Jet South: control, maintenance mechanisms and link with Southern subtropical wave. Climate Dynamics, 54, 1539–1552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382‐019‐05072‐w
30 Liebmann, B., Blade, I., Funk, C., Allured, D., Quan, X.‐W., Hoerling, M., et al. (2017). Climatology and interannual variability of boreal spring wet season precipitation in the Eastern Horn of Africa and Implications for Its recent decline. Journal of Climate, 10, 3867–3886. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐16‐0452.1
31 Longandjo, G.‐N.T. (2018). The Hydroclimate Variability of Central Africa: seasonal cycle, mechanisms, teleconnections and impacts on neighbouring regions. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 165 pp.
32 Longandjo, G.‐N. T., & Rouaualt, M. (2020). On the structure of the regional‐scale circulation over Central Africa: seasonal evolution, variability, and mechanisms, Journal of Climate, 33, 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐19‐0176.1
33 Losada, T., Rodríguez‐Fonseca, B., & Kucharski, F. (2012). Tropical SST and Sahel rainfall: A non‐stationary relationship. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L12705. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052423
34 Love, T. B., Kumar, V., Xie, P. P., & Thiaw, W. (2004). A 20‐year daily Africa precipitation climatology using satellite and gauge data. Preprints, 14th Conference on Applied Climatology, Seattle, WA, American Meteorological Society, pp. 5.4.
35 Maidment, R. I., Grimes, D., Black, E., Tarnavsky, E., Young, M., Greatrex, H., et al. (2017). A new, long‐term daily satellite‐based rainfall dataset for operational monitoring in Africa. Scientific Data, 4, No. 170063. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.63
36 Malhi, Y., & Wright, J. (2004). Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 359, 311–329. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1433
37 McCollum, J. R., Gruber, A., & Ba, M. B. (2000). Discrepancy between gauges and satellite estimates of rainfall in equatorial Africa. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 39, 666–679. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0450‐39.5.666
38 Nesbitt, S. W., & Zipser, E. J. (2003). The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. Journal of Climate, 16, 1456–1475. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0442(2003)016<1456:TDCORA>2.0.CO;2
39 Neupane, N. (2016).