34 Kuete, G., Mba, W. P., & Washington, R. (2019). African Easterly Jet South: Control, maintenance mechanisms and link with southern subtropical waves. Climate Dynamics, 54(3–4), 1539–1552. doi: 10.1007/s00382‐019‐05072‐w
35 Laing, A. G., Carbone, R. E., & Levizzani, V. (2011). Cycles and propagation of deep convection over equatorial Africa. Monthly Weather Review, 139(9), 2832–2853. doi: 10.1175/2011mwr3500.1
36 Lavaysse, C., Flamant, C., Janicot, S., Parker, D. J., Lafore, J., Sultan, B., & Pelon, J. (2009). Seasonal evolution of the West African heat low: A climatological perspective. Climate Dynamics, 33(2–3), 313–330. doi: 10.1007/s00382‐009‐0553‐4
37 Liebmann, B., & Marengo, J. (2001). Interannual variability of the rainy season and rainfall in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Journal of Climate, 14(22), 4308–4318. doi: 10.1175/1520‐0442(2001)0142.0.co;2
38 Liebmann, B., Bladé, I., Kiladis, G. N., Carvalho, L. M., Senay, G. B., Allured, D., et al. (2012). Seasonality of African precipitation from 1996 to 2009. Journal of Climate, 25(12), 4304–4322. doi: 10.1175/jcli‐d‐11‐00157.1
39 Liu, N., Liu, C., Chen, B., & Zipser, E. (2020). What are the favorable large‐scale environments for the highest‐flash‐rate thunderstorms on Earth? Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 77(5), 1583–1612. doi: 10.1175/jas‐d‐19‐0235.1
40 Longandjo, G. T., & Rouault, M. (2019). On the structure of the regional‐scale circulation over central Africa: Seasonal evolution, variability, and mechanisms. Journal of Climate, 33(1), 145–162. doi: 10.1175/jcli‐d‐19‐0176.1
41 Longandjo, G. T., & Rouault, M. What Control the Central Africa Rainfall Seasonality? Journal of Climate. Submitted
42 Mbienda, A. J., Guenang, G. M., Tanessong, R. S., & Sandjon, A. T. (2019). Potential effects of aerosols on the diurnal cycle of precipitation over Central Africa by RegCM4.4. SN Applied Sciences, 1(2). doi: 10.1007/s42452‐018‐0154‐0
43 McGregor, G. R., & Nieuwolt, S. (1998). Tropical climatology. 2nd ed., Wiley, Chichester, 339 pp.
44 Nesbitt, S. W., & Zipser, E. J. (2003). The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. Journal of Climate, 16(10), 1456–1475. doi: 10.1175/1520‐0442‐16.10.1456
45 Nesbitt, S. W., Cifelli, R., & Rutledge, S. A. (2006). Storm morphology and rainfall characteristics of TRMM precipitation features. Monthly Weather Review, 134(10), 2702–2721. doi: 10.1175/mwr3200.1
46 Neupane, N. (2016). The Congo basin zonal overturning circulation. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 33(6), 767–782. doi: 10.1007/s00376‐015‐5190‐8
47 Nguyen, H., & Duvel, J. (2008). Synoptic wave perturbations and convective systems over equatorial Africa. Journal of Climate, 21(23), 6372–6388. doi: 10.1175/2008jcli2409.1
48 Nicholson, S. E. (2018). The ITCZ and the seasonal cycle over equatorial Africa. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99(2), 337–348. doi: 10.1175/bams‐d‐16‐0287.1
49 Nicholson, S. E. (2009). A revised picture of the structure of the “monsoon” and land ITCZ over West Africa. Climate Dynamics, 32(7–8), 1155–1171. doi: 10.1007/s00382‐008‐0514‐3
50 Nie, J., Boos, W. R., & Kuang, Z. (2010). Observational evaluation of a convective quasi‐equilibrium view of monsoons. Journal of Climate, 23(16), 4416–4428. doi: 10.1175/2010jcli3505.1
51 Pokam, W. M., Djiotang, L. A., & Mkankam, F. K. (2011). Atmospheric water vapor transport and recycling in equatorial central Africa through NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Climate Dynamics, 38(9–10), 1715–1729. doi: 10.1007/s00382‐011‐1242‐7
52 Pokam, W. M., Bain, C. L., Chadwick, R. S., Graham, R., Sonwa, D. J., & Kamga, F. M. (2014). Identification of processes driving low‐level westerlies in west equatorial Africa. Journal of Climate, 27(11), 4245–4262. doi: 10.1175/jcli‐d‐13‐00490.1
53 Raghavendra, A., Zhou, L., Jiang, Y., & Hua, W. (2018). Increasing extent and intensity of thunderstorms observed over the Congo Basin from 1982 to 2016. Atmospheric Research, 213, 17–26. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.05.028
54 Redelsperger, J., Thorncroft, C. D., Diedhiou, A., Lebel, T., Parker, D. J., & Polcher, J. (2006). African monsoon multidisciplinary analysis: An international research project and field campaign. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87(12), 1739–1746. doi: 10.1175/bams‐87‐12‐1739
55 Salman, M., & Momha, A. B. (2009). Adaptive Water Management in the Lake Chad Basin: Addressing Current Challenges and Adapting to Future Needs. Seminar at World Water Week, Stockholm.
56 Sandjon, A. T., Nzeukou, A., & Tchawoua, C. (2012). Intraseasonal atmospheric variability and its interannual modulation in Central Africa. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 117(3–4), 167–179. doi: 10.1007/s00703‐012‐0196‐6
57 Shekhar, R., & Boos, W. R. (2017). Weakening and shifting of the Saharan shallow meridional circulation during wet years of the West African monsoon. Journal of Climate, 30(18), 7399–7422. doi: 10.1175/jcli‐d‐16‐0696.1
58 Sinclaire, Z., Lenouo, A., Tchawoua, C., & Janicot, S. (2015). Synoptic Kelvin type perturbation waves over Congo basin over the period 1979–2010. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar‐Terrestrial Physics, 130–131, 43–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2015.04.015
59 Sonkoué, D., Monkam, D., Fotso‐Nguemo, T. C., Yepdo, Z. D., & Vondou, D. A. (2018). Evaluation and projected changes in daily rainfall characteristics over Central Africa based on a multi‐model ensemble mean of CMIP5 simulations. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 137(3–4), 2167–2186. doi: 10.1007/s00704‐018‐2729‐5
60 Suzuki, T. (2010). Seasonal variation of the ITCZ and its characteristics over central Africa. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 103(1–2), 39–60. doi: 10.1007/s00704‐010‐0276‐9
61 Taguela, T. N., Vondou, D. A., Moufouma‐Okia, W., Fotso‐Nguemo, T. C., Pokam, W. M., Tanessong, R. S., et al. (2020). CORDEX Multi‐RCM hindcast over central Africa: Evaluation within observational uncertainty. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125(5). doi: 10.1029/2019jd031607
62 Tamoffo, A. T., Moufouma‐Okia, W., Dosio, A., James, R., Pokam, W. M., Vondou, D. A., et al. (2019). Process‐oriented assessment of RCA4 regional climate model projections over the Congo Basin under 1.50C and 20C global warming levels: influence of regional moisture fluxes. Climate Dynamics, 53, 1911–1935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382‐019‐04751‐y
63 Tamoffo, A. T., Dosio, A., Vondou, D. A., & Sonkoué, D. (2020). Process‐based analysis of the added value of dynamical downscaling over central Africa. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(17). doi: 10.1029/2020gl089702
64 Taylor, C. M., Fink, A. H., Klein, C., Parker, D. J., Guichard, F., Harris, P. P., & Knapp, K. R. (2018). Earlier seasonal onset of intense mesoscale convective systems in the Congo Basin since 1999. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(24). doi: 10.1029/2018gl080516
65 Tchotchou, L. A., & Kamga, F. M. (2010). Sensitivity of the simulated African monsoon of summers 1993 and 1999 to convective parameterization schemes in RegCM3. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 100(1–2), 207–220. doi: 10.1007/s00704‐009‐0181‐2
66 Thorncroft, C. D., Nguyen, H., Zhang, C., & Peyrillé, P. (2011). Annual cycle of the West African monsoon: Regional circulations and associated water vapour transport. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(654), 129–147. doi: 10.1002/qj.728
67 Uccellini, L. W., & Johnson, D. R. (1979). The coupling of upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks and implications for the development of severe convective storms. Monthly Weather Review, 107(6), 682–703. doi: 10.1175/1520‐0493(1979)1072.0.co;2
68 Vondou,