303 Ritchie, H. & Roser, M. (2020) CO₂ and greenhouse gas emissions. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/co2‐and‐other‐greenhouse‐gas‐emissions (accessed 28 May 2021).
304 Riisgård, H.U. (2017) General Ecology – Outline of Contemporary Ecology for University Students, 1st edn. Bookboon, London.
305 Rius, M. & McQuaid, C.D. (2006) Wave action and competitive interaction between the invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the indigenous Perna perna in South Africa. Marine Biology, 150, 69–78.
306 Robles C. & Desharnais R. (2002) History and development of a paradigm of predation in rocky intertidal communities. Ecology, 83, 1521–1536.
307 Robles, C.D., Desharnais, R.A., Garza, C., Donahue, M.J. & Martinez, C.A. (2009) Complex equilibria in the maintenance of boundaries: experiments with mussel beds. Ecology, 90, 985–995.
308 Root, T.L., Price, J.T., Hall, K.R., Schneider, S.H., Rosenzweig, C. & Pounds, J.A. (2003) Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature, 421, 57–60.
309 Roux, J‐P., van der Lingen, C.D., Gibbons, M.J., Moroff, N.E., Shannon, L.J., Smith, A.D.M. et al. (2013) Jellyfication of marine ecosystems as a likely consequence of overfishing small pelagic fishes: lessons from the Benguela. Bulletin of Marine Science, 89, 249–284.
310 Rovero, F., Hughes, R.N. & Chelazzi, G. (2000) When time is of the essence: choosing a currency for prey‐handling costs. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 683–689.
311 Sadler, D.E., Lemasson, A.J. & Knights, A.M. (2018) The effects of elevated CO2 on shell properties and susceptibility to predation in mussels Mytilus edulis. Marine Environmental Research, 139, 162–168.
312 Safriel, U.N., Gilboa, A. & Felsenburg, T. (1980) Distribution of rocky intertidal mussels in the Red Sea coasts of Sinai, the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean coast of Israel, with special reference to recent colonizers. Journal of Biogeography, 7, 39–62.
313 Saier, B. (2001) Direct and indirect effects of seastars Asterias rubens on mussel beds (Mytilus edulis) in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research, 46, 29–42.
314 Sarà, G. & de Pirro, M. (2011) Heart beat rate adaptations to varying salinity of two intertidal Mediterranean bivalves: the invasive Brachidontes pharaonis and the native Mytilaster minimus. Italian Journal of Zoology, 78, 193–197.
315 Sarà, G., Romano, C., Mazzola, A. (2008) A new Lessepsian species in the western Mediterranean (Brachidontes pharaonis Bivalvia: Mytilidae): density, resource allocation and biomass. Marine Biodiversity Records, 1, e8.
316 Schneider, K.R., Wethey, D.S., Helmuth, B.S.T. & Hilbish, T.J. (2005) Implications of movement behavior on mussel dislodgement: exogenous selection in a Mytilus spp. hybrid zone. Marine Biology, 146, 333–343.
317 Schneider, K.R. (2008) Heat stress in the intertidal: comparing survival and growth of an invasive and native mussel under a variety of thermal conditions. Biological Bulletin, 215, 253–264.
318 Schneider, K.R., Van Thiel, L.E. & Helmuth, B. (2010) Interactive effects of food availability and aerial body temperature on the survival of two intertidal Mytilus species. Journal of Thermal Biology, 35, 161–166.
319 Seed, R. (1969) The ecology of Mytilus edulis L. (Lamellibranchiata) on exposed shores. 2. Growth and mortality. Oecologia, 3, 317–350.
320 Seed, R. (1976) Ecology. In: Marine Mussels: Their Ecology and Physiology (ed B.L. Bayne), pp. 13–65. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
321 Seed, R. (1980) A note on the relationship between shell shape and life habits in Geukensia demissa and Brachidontes exustus (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 46, 293–299.
322 Seed, R. (1996) Patterns of biodiversity in the macro‐invertebrate fauna associated with mussel patches on rocky shores. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 76, 203–210.
323 Seed, R. & Suchanek, T.H. (1992) Population and community ecology of Mytilus. The Mussel Mytilus: Ecology, Physiology, Genetics and Culture (ed. E.M. Gosling), pp. 87–169. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
324 Šegvić‐Bubić T, Grubišić L, Karaman N, Tičina V, Jelavić KM & Katavić, I. (2011) Damages on mussel farms potentially caused by fish predation – self service on the ropes? Aquaculture, 319, 497–504.
325 Semmens, D.C., Dane, R.E., Pancholi, M.R., Slade, S.E., Scrivens, J.H. & Elphick, M.R. (2013) Discovery of a novel neurophysin‐associated neuropeptide that triggers cardiac stomach contraction and retraction in starfish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 4047–4053.
326 Shaw, W.N., Hassler, T.J. & Moran, D.P. (1988) Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacfic southwest): California Sea mussel and Bay mussel. US Fisheries and Wildlife Services Biology Report 82(11.84)TR‐EL‐82‐4.
327 Sherker, Z.T., Ellrich, J.A. & Scrosati, R.A. (2017) Predator‐induced shell plasticity in mussels hinders predation by drilling snails. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 573, 167–175.
328 Shin, P.K.S., Liu, C.C., Liu, Z.X. & Cheung, S.G. (2008) Marine mussels Brachidontes variabilis selected smaller places of refuge and enhanced byssus production upon exposure to conspecific and heterospecific cues. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 361, 16–20.
329 Shinen, J.S. & Morgan, S.G. (2009) Mechanisms of invasion resistance: competition among intertidal mussels promotes establishment of invasive species and displacement of native species. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 383, 187–197.
330 Silva, A.F., Sousa, M.C., Bernardes, C. & Dias, J.M. (2017) Will climate change endanger the current mussel production in the Rias Baixas (Galicia, Spain)? Journal of Aquaculture and Fisheries, 1, 001.
331 Singh, G.G., Markel, R.W., Martone, R.G., Salomon, A.K., Harley, C.D.G. & Chan K.M.A. (2013) Sea otters homogenize mussel beds and reduce habitat provisioning in a rocky intertidal ecosystem. PLoS ONE, 8, e65435.
332 Skein, L., Robinson,T.B. & Alexander, M.E. (2018) Impacts of mussel invasions on the prey preference of two native predators. Behavioural Ecology, 29, 353–359.
333 Smith, L.D. & Jennings, J.A. (2000) Induced defensive responses by the bivalve Mytilus edulis to predators with different attack modes. Marine Biology, 136, 461–469.
334 Somero, G.N. (2010) The physiology of climate change: how potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 912–920.
335 Somero, G.N. (2011) Comparative physiology: a ‘crystal ball’ for predicting consequences of global change. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 301, R1–R14.
336 Somero, G.N. (2012) The physiology of global change: linking patterns to mechanisms. Annual Review of Marine Science, 4, 39–61.
337 Sousa W.P. (2007) Disturbance In: Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores (eds M.W. Denny & S. Gaines), pp. 186–193. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
338 Sousa, W.P (2012) Disturbance and patch dynamics on rocky intertidal shores. In: The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (eds S.T.A. Pickett & P.S. White), pp. 101–124. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA.
339 Spinuzzi, S.S., Schneider, K.R., Walters, L.J., Yuan, W.S. & Hoffman, E.A. (2013 Tracking the distribution of non‐native marine invertebrates (Mytella charruana, Perna viridis and Megabalanus coccopoma) along the south‐eastern USA. Marine Biodiversity Records, 6, art. e55.
340 Steeves, L.E., Filgueira, R., Guyondet, T., Chassé, J. & Comeau, L. (2018) Past, present, and future: performance of two bivalve species under changing environmental conditions. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, art. 184.
341 Steffani, C.N. & Branch, G.M. (2003) Spatial