1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Schematic topology of the major evolutionary hypotheses and siste...Figure 1.2 Phylogenetic diagram showing hypothesised relationships between t...Figure 1.3 Evolution of the heteromyarian form, and ultimately of the monomy...Figure 1.4 Different external shell forms in the family Mytilidae. (A) Mytil...Figure 1.5 Lateral views (A–C) and transverse sections (A1–C1) of (A) an iso...Figure 1.6 Vent mussels and associated fauna are bathed in hydrothermal flui...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) External and (b) internal shell features of the mussel Mytilu...Figure 2.2 Calcitic fibrous layers of adult mytilids. (a–d) Fibrous layer of...Figure 2.3 Schematic representation of the mytilid shell margin.Figure 2.4 The convention used for the main external shell parameters in biv...Figure 2.5 Shell morphological characters used to distinguish between differ...Figure 2.6 Inner anatomy of Mytilus edulis. The white posterior adductor mus...Figure 2.7 Exhalant (white and smooth) and inhalant (fringed with tentacles)...Figure 2.8 (A) Section of a lamellibranch gill showing the ctenidial axis an...Figure 2.9 Anatomy of the byssus in Mytilus edulis.Figure 2.10 Model of the hierarchical arrangement of a mussel byssal thread....Figure 2.11 Localisation of adhesive proteins in the byssal thread and plaqu...Figure 2.12 (A) The bivalve digestive system. Redrawn from Langdon & Newell ...Figure 2.13 Circulatory system of a typical bivalve. The shaded areas indica...Figure 2.14 Schematic representation of the nervous system in the mussel Myt...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Layers of small mussels (Mytilus) on barnacle‐covered rocks on a ...Figure 3.2 A cluster of mussels (Mytilus) on a sheltered shore at Lough Hyne...Figure 3.3 Map of the Benguela Current region bordering Namibia and South Af...Figure 3.4 A‘robomussel’ (right) molded from polyester resin and containing ...Figure 3.5 Example of fluctuations in temperature experienced over one month...Figure 3.6 Map of the 10 deployment sites used by Helmuth et al. (2006) alon...Figure 3.7 Photographs of a quadrat from Black Point, Rhode Island Sound, Un...Figure 3.8 Summary of mussel dislodgment in Rhode Island, 2001–2003. Bars ar...Figure 3.9 Photograph of a whelk, Nucella lapillus, flipped on its back by a...Figure 3.10 The sea star Pisaster ochraceus predating on mussels, Mytilus ca...Figure 3.11 The American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus, a significant ...Figure 3.12 Socking used for protection of mussels from predatory birds. (a)...Figure 3.13 Performance of three indigenous South African mussels, Aulacomya...Figure 3.14 Stack of four American slipper limpets, Crepidula fornicata, att...Figure 3.15 Global average temperature for the period 1880–2018. While globa...Figure 3.16 Global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in parts ...Figure 3.17 (a) Relation between performance as scope for growth (SFG) and t...Figure 3.18 Schematic diagram of ocean acidification (OA). The reaction betw...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Experimental set‐up for direct measurement of filtration rates in...Figure 4.2 Exponential decrease in algal cell concentration as a function of...Figure 4.3 Diagram of the flow‐through chamber (FTC) method. (M), point of p...Figure 4.4 Schematic side‐view of the open‐top chamber for real‐time in situ...Figure 4.5 (a) Exponential decrease in algal cell concentration after repeat...Figure 4.6 (a) Mean and (b) max clearance rate (CR) as a function of species...Figure 4.7 Filtration changing rates (ΔF) of mussels (Mytilus edulis) as a f...Figure 4.8 Mean clearance rates of five pooled replicates for green mussels ...Figure 4.9 Average clearance rate ± SE (l h−1 ind−1) for Mytilus...Figure 4.10 Video endoscopy set‐up used in particle concentration and temper...Figure 4.11 (a) Cross‐section of two gill filaments of Mytilus edulis. lfc, ...Figure 4.12 Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the abfrontal surface of...Figure 4.13 Relationship between capture efficiency (CE) and particle diamet...Figure 4.14 Capture efficiencies (CEs) of microspheres delivered to Mytilus ...Figure 4.15 Capture efficiencies (CEs) of microspheres delivered to the scal...Figure 4.16 Principal pathway of current flow and particle transport on the ...Figure 4.17 (a) Schematic showing the natural position and anatomicaI relati...Figure 4.18 Schematic sections showing anatomical relationships and gross in...Figure 4.19 In situ hybridisation localisation of MeM, a C‐type lectin, in (...