Zhang et al. (2014).Figure 2.62 Three possible configurations for stator windings of a...Figure 2.63 Open-circuit faults in phase windings of a five-phase motor...Figure 2.64 Power electronic source of tresses.Figure 2.65 Power converter failure distribution.Figure 2.66 Motor Drive.Figure 2.67 Three-Phase Diode Rectifier.Figure 2.68 Three Phase Diode Rectifier.Figure 2.69 Three Phase Thyristor Rectifier.Figure 2.70 Three phase thyristor rectifier waves.Figure 2.71 Three Phase Inverter.Figure 2.72 PWM Output Voltage.Figure 2.73 PWM principle.Figure 2.74 𝛼-𝛽 representation of the vector limits.Figure 2.75 Representation of the switching times...Figure 2.76 MOSFET Switching characteristic.Figure 2.77 N-MOSFET Horizontal Structure.Figure 2.78 N-MOSFET behaviour.Figure 2.79 N-MOSFET CharacteristicFigure 2.80 N-MOSFET vertical structures...Figure 2.81 Parasitic resistances within a MOSFET.Figure 2.82 Parasitic capacitances within a MOSFET.Figure 2.83 Equivalent circuit of a N-MOSFET.Figure 2.84 Switching characteristics of a N-MOSFET.Figure 2.85 IGBT Switching characteristic.Figure 2.86 IGBT structure.Figure 2.87 IGBT Punch through and non punch through Structures.Figure 2.88 Parasitic resistances with IGBT.Figure 2.89 Parasitic capacitances with IGBT.Figure 2.90 IGBT turn-on and turn-off transient waveforms.Figure 2.91 Summary of Si, SiC, and GaN material properties...Figure 2.92 Example of thermal impedance from 5SNG 0150Q170300 ABB module ...Figure 2.93 Multi-stack body.Figure (a) Multi-stack thermal structure.Figure (b) Equivalent thermalnetwork Source: Alavi et al. (2017).Figure 2.94 The Cauer thermal model of the IGBT...Figure 2.95 The Foster thermal model from junction to case...Figure 2.96 General constitution of a flat capacitor.Figure 2.97 Cylindrical geometry (a) and stack geometry (b) of real capacitors.Figure 2.98 Equivalent electrical diagram of a capacitor.Figure 2.99 Phase difference between 𝑖𝑐 and u of a real capacitor.Figure 2.100 World consumption by type of capacitor (2012).Figure 2.101 Variable air capacitor–different capacity values.Figure 2.102 Composition of a ceramic capacitor.Figure 2.103 Photos of polyester capacitors.Figure 2.104 Photo of a polycarbonate capacitor.Figure 2.105 Photo of a polypropylene capacitor.Figure 2.106 Photo of a polystyrene capacitor.Figure 2.107 Range of use of the different families of capacitors.Figure 2.108 Faults repartition for different power components (Abdennadher (2010)).Figure 2.109 Stress upon power module. Source: Mitsubishi (2019).Figure 2.110 Scanning Electron Microscopy with a Focused Ion Beam Gate cut of an...Figure 2.111 Cross-sectional view of a power module. Source: Zhang (2012).Figure 2.112 Packaging and chip failure mechanisms....Figure 2.113 Graph of the failure modes.Figure 2.114 Gate-related and collector-related TSEP parameters.Figure 2.115 Transient waveforms of IGBT module under inductive load...Figure 2.116 Comparisons of six Time-based TSEPs under different load currentsFigure 2.117 Collector current estimation using integration of...Figure 2.118 Waveforms of turn-on 𝑖𝑐 and related induced....Figure 2.119 Comparison of the different TSEP...Figure 2.120 Zth curves for different cycle steps...Figure 2.121 IGBT Saturation Voltage dependencies.Figure 2.122 V
CEsat versus T
j calibration...Figure 2.123 Representation of voltage vectors and the 6 sectorsFigure 2.124 Representation of one voltage vector in case of defect.Figure 2.125 Experimental results with a misfiring during..Figure 2.126 Experimental results with a misfiring during...Figure 2.127 Inverter under an intermittent misfiring gate on Transistor T1.Figure 2.128 Representation of voltage vectors and the 4 sectors failed.Figure 2.129 Scheme of the inverter under an intermittent misfiring in the ledge...Figure 2.130 Scheme of the inverter under one component fault...Figure 2.131
Rdson versus number of cycles until...Figure 2.132 Three-level inverter diagnosis Flowchart...Figure 2.133 Three level inverter diagnosis system. Courtesy of IEEE.Figure 2.134 Multichip Terminal illustration. Chen et al. (2020a).Figure 2.135 Schematic of the on-state voltage measurement. Chen et al. (2020a).Figure 2.136 Thermal Model.Figure 2.137 Single-phase rectifier.Zisi Tian and Ge (2016) with permission of IEEE.Figure 2.138 FFT of currents.Zisi Tian and Ge (2016) with permission of IEEE.Figure 2.139 Input current frequency domain diagnosis method...Figure 2.140 Current vector...Figure 2.141 Gates signal:
q1,
q2 and...Figure 2.142 Experimental results with a misfiring during...Figure 2.143 Experimental results with a misfiring during...Figure 2.144 Experimental results with a misfiring during....Figure 2.145 Diagnosis based on clustering Ondel et al...Figure 2.146 Membership function in exclusive and non-exclusive case...Figure 2.147 Full Bridge Rectifier (Mohagheghi et al. (2009))...Figure 2.148 Training of the Neural Network (Mohagheghi et al. (2009))...Figure 2.149 General Detection Process (Masrur et al. (2007)).Figure 2.150 Control Parameter Selection (Masrur et al. (2007)).Figure 2.151 Failure mechanism based prognosis process.Figure 2.152 Example of B10 lifetime curves of the solder joints of the conductorFigure 2.153 Temperature profile modeling.Figure 2.154 Rain flow counting.Figure 2.155 Prognosis process based on Failure Precursors.Figure 2.156 Prognosis uncertainty and performance.Figure 2.157 Illustration of an iterative prediction.Figure 2.158 Illustration of a set of direct, multi-horizon predictions...Figure 2.159 Illustration of a parallel prediction...Figure 2.160 Particle Filter Tracking and Prediction...Figure 2.161 Schematic of the proposed prognostic method. ...Figure 2.162 3-D representation of the 120 samples of the signature according ...Figure 2.163 Application of a Neural Network Classifier. Source: Hologne (2018).Figure 2.164 Structure of BP neural network. Source: Wu et al..Figure 2.165 Degradation profile of collector-emitter voltage for one IGBT...Figure 2.166 Comparing RUL prediction between ANFIS and Neural network ...Figure 2.167 Fuzzy prognosis method. (a) Flowchart diagram of fuzzy logic...Figure 2.168 Prognosis incertitude and performance...Figure 2.169 Schematic diagram of the recursive estimation by recursive least...Figure 2.170 Electrical diagram of a capacitor.Figure 2.171 Trending prediction of C by a one-step ahead prediction strategy...Figure 2.172 Trending prediction of ESR by a one-step ahead prediction strategy...Figure 2.173 NFN architecture for the prediction of the ESR and C.Figure 2.174 Membership value for an input according to triangular curves.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Bath Curve.Figure 3.2 Elementary block connections for reliability calculation.Figure 3.3 The bathtub curve, as described by the Weibull parameter...Figure 3.4 Driving cycle FTP-72.Figure 3.5 B10 Lifetime model of IGBT modules tested under different stress levels...Figure 3.6 Example of Fault Tree graphical representation...Figure 3.7 Part of a Markov model showing fault coverage Bazzi et al. (2012).Figure 3.8 Reliability prediction toolbox for power electronic ...Figure 3.9 Markov state transition diagram for the phase fault Xu et al. (2016).Figure 3.10 Failure rates of drive systems without fault mitigation...Figure 3.11 Paths to failure of a system with fault diagnosis and prognosis ...Figure 3.12 Induction motor drive under IFOC Bazzi et al. (2012).Figure 3.13 Block diagram showing basic structure of simulation tool ...Figure 3.14 All detected extreme values of temperature curve ...Figure 3.15 Markov chain state-transition diagram of open-winding ...Figure 3.16 Markov chain state-transition diagram of standard 3-phase drive ...Figure 3.17 Thermal stress of power devices in a power converter with multi...Figure 3.18 Distribution of lifetime consumption and wind speed of ...Figure 3.19 Block diagram of a hierarchical Markov model of electric vehicles...Figure 3.20 Combined performance-demand Markov model of electric propulsion...Figure 3.21 Total failure probability of 9-phase PSM at 85 ...Figure 3.22 Flowchart for the reliability analysis of power devices caused ...Figure 3.23 Structure and reliability block diagram of a three-phase five-level ...Figure 3.24 Reliability curve comparison concerning three-phase two-, three-, and...Figure 3.25 Three geared motors servomechanism, Pei et al. (2010).Figure 3.26 Fault dimension shown in pdf, Pei et al. (2010).Figure 3.27 Slow parameter adaptation scenario using filter, Tang et al. (2010).Figure 3.28 Concept of dynamic model-based prognostics, Tang et al. (2010).Figure 3.29 Effect of prognosis interval on reconfiguration decision.Figure 3.30 Time sequence: Estimate of RUL and prediction interval...Figure 3.31 Fault prediction, mitigation, and RUL of the system ...
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Current sensors: shunts 1/8Table 1.2 Current sensors: Temperature-based sensor and current comparator 2/8Table 1.3 Current sensors: Current comparator with detection coil and...Table 1.4 Current sensors: Transducer and Rogowski coilTable 1.5 Current sensors: Internal inductive flow sensor and...Table 1.6 Current sensors:
