13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Estimated RE share of global electricity production, end 2019.Figure 13.2 Wind energy penetration percentages by independent system operators.Figure 13.3 Wind energy generation system with type 1 and type 2 configurations.Figure 13.4 Wind energy generation system type 3.Figure 13.5 Wind energy generation system type 4.Figure 13.6 Emerging possible solution of challenges associated...Figure 13.7 First possible solution of challenges associated with...Figure 13.8 Second possible solution of challenges associated with...Figure 13.9 Third possible solution of challenges associated with...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Components of Internet of Things (IoT).Figure 14.2 Types of machine learning.Figure 14.3 IoT and machine learning implementation in Solar PV system.Figure 14.4 SRRA data collection and processing.Figure 14.5 Variation of solar irradiations with time and weather change.Figure 14.6 Change in clearness index, ambient temperature, and wind velocity in a year.Figure 14.7 Sun paths at Jodhpur (latitude....
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Structure of the SPVDG system.Figure 15.2 Power architecture of the SPVDG system.Figure 15.3 Case 1: PV states.Figure 15.4 Case 1: Battery states.Figure 15.5 Case 2: PV states.Figure 15.6 Case 2: Battery states.Figure 15.7 Case 3: PV states.Figure 15.8 Case 3: Battery states.
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Microgrid concept.Figure 16.2 Generic V2G structure, ISO: independent system operator.Figure 16.3 Participation of V2G in aggregation.Figure 16.4 Typical communication scenario of a V2G system.Figure 16.5 Possible energy market and...Figure 16.6 Energy storage technologies.Figure 16.7 Estimated social benefits.
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Schematic of the 7-bus test system.Figure 17.2 AL-Mansoor No.11 network.Figure 17.3 Initial distribution network.Figure 17.4 Distribution network of Koprivnica.Figure 17.5 The 30-bus distribution system.Figure 17.6 Single-diagram of the 33-bus distribution system.Figure 17.7 Baghdad distribution network.Figure 17.8 The real 59-bus distribution system.Figure 17.9 Schematic diagram of the 69-bus distribution system.Figure 17.10 The 70-bus radial distribution system.Figure 17.11 Distribution system of TPC.Figure 17.12 The 119-bus test system.Figure 17.13 Diagram of the 136-bus distribution system.Figure 17.14 Schematic diagram of the 203-bus distribution system.
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Single-line diagram of a three-node system.
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Single point.Figure 19.2 Multiple points.Figure 19.3 Mutation operator.Figure 19.4 Example system.Figure 19.5 Flowchart of the DCGA method.Figure 19.6 Flowchart of the modified Prim algorithm.Figure 19.7 Flowchart of the EDCGA method.
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Different types of DR schemes.Figure 20.2 An overview of DR-based flexibility services.Figure 20.3 System-wide frequency-related ancillary services (in Finland).Figure 20.4 Different tasks of home energy management system...Figure 20.5 The scheduling of HEMS based on the type of...Figure 20.6 Possible scheduling techniques for HEMS.
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Modes of energy conservation.Figure 21.2 Electricity consumption of a commercial building in the US.Figure 21.3 (a). Single-glazed window.Figure 21.3 (b). Double-glazed window.Figure 21.4 Building modeling simulation process.Figure 21.5 Sun path analysis New Delhi 9:00 a.m.Figure 21.6 Sun path analysis New Delhi 2:00 p.m.Figure 21.7 Sun path analysis New Delhi 5:00 p.m.Figure 21.8 Sun path analysis Rome 09:00 a.m.Figure 21.9 Sun path analysis Rome 02:00 p.m.Figure 21.10 Sun path analysis Rome 05:00 p.m.Figure 21.11 Sun path analysis Reyjavik 9:00 a.m.Figure 21.12 Sun path analysis Reyjavik 2:00 p.m.Figure 21.13 Sun path analysis Reyjavik 5:00 p.m.Figure 21.14 Sun path analysis Nairobi 09:00 a.m.Figure 21.15 Sun path analysis Nairobi 02:00 p.m.Figure 21.16 Sun path analysis Nairobi 05:00 p.m.Figure 21.17 Sun path analysis Sydney 9:00 a.m.Figure 21.18 Sun path analysis Sydney 2:00 p.m.Figure 21.19 Sun path analysis Sydney 5:00 p.m.
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Development of a meter system.Figure 22.2 Architecture of a traditional meter and SM.Figure 22.3 Blocks of MDMS.Figure 22.4 Transmission architecture.
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Various forms of DF model.
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Voltage difference across all open...
3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Harmonics analysis under balanced loads.Table 4.2 Harmonics analysis under load unbalancing.
4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Simulation parameter specificationsTable 5.2 EV charger simulation operating states
5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Traditional grid and smart grid comparison.Table 6.2 IEE 802 Standards.Table 6.3 List of classification standards.
6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 The differences between the control units of...Table 7.2 The classification of decision support functions.
7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Capacitor banks and their impacts on bus voltages.Table 8.2 Economic analysis.Table 8.3 Voltage profiles of different buses under...
8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Various applications of ESSs in the distribution network.
9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Conventional state estimation results of voltage...Table 10.2 Conventional state estimation results of voltage...Table 10.3 Mean square error comparison for state estimation...Table 10.4 21-bus Southern region conventional state estimation...Table 10.5 21-bus Southern region conventional state estimation...Table 10.6 Mean square error comparison for the state estimation...
10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Difference between a conventional and an...Table 11.2 Stakeholders of a smart grid.
11 Chapter 13Table 13.1 International comparison of wind power capacity.
12 Chapter 14Table 14.1 SRRA Stations established in India.Table 14.2 Solar-PV measuring instruments.Table 14.3 Meteorological measuring instruments.Table 14.4 General instruments.Table 14.5 Meteo data for Jodhpur, India.
13 Chapter 15Table 15.1 PVDG parameters
14 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Comparison between different energy storing...Table 16.2 Charging and discharging energy lossesTable 16.3 Principal discrepancies and relationships between...
15 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Line characteristics of System 1Table 17.2 Load data for System 1Table 17.3 Line characteristics of System 2Table 17.4 Load data for System 2Table 17.5 Line characteristics of System 3Table 17.6 Load data for System 3Table 17.7 Line characteristics of System 4Table 17.8 Transformer data for System 4Table 17.9 Load data for System 4Table 17.10 Line characteristics of System 5Table 17.11 Load data for System 5Table 17.12 Line characteristics of System 6Table 17.13 Load data for system 6Table 17.14 Load data for System 7Table 17.15 Line characteristics of System 7Table 17.16 Line characteristics of System 8Table 17.17 Load data for System 8Table 17.18 Line characteristics of System 9Table 17.19 Load data for System 9Table 17.20 Line characteristics of System 10Table 17.21 Load data for System 10Table 17.22 Line characteristics of System 11Table 17.23 Load data for System 11Table 17.24 Line characteristics of System 12Table 17.25 Load data for System 12Table 17.26 Line characteristics of System 13Table 17.27 Load data for System 13Table 17.28 Line characteristics of System 14Table 17.29 Load data for System 14Table 17.30 Line characteristics of System 15Table 17.31 Load data for System 15
16 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Numerical results for Case 1Table 18.2 Numerical results for Case 2Table 18.3 Numerical results of proposed models for Case 3Table 18.4 Ranking of models based on loss reduction for Case 3Table 18.5 Ranking of models regarding voltage improvement for Case 3Table 18.6 Ranking of models based on execution time for Case 3Table 18.7 Numerical results for Case 4Table 18.8 Numerical results for Case 5Table 18.9 Numerical results of proposed models for Case 6Table 18.10 Models based on computational time in Case 6Table 18.11 Models according to voltage enhancement in Case 6Table 18.12 Arrangement of models according to loss reduction for Case 6Table 18.13 Numerical results for Case 7Table 18.14 Numerical results for Case 8Table 18.15 Numerical results for Case