Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications. Richard W. Ziolkowski

of DGSs. (a) 3‐D view of two ...Figure 3.4 Simulated |S₂₁| values with and without the DGS between two weakl...Figure 3.5 Configuration of the microstrip decoupling array. (a) Top view. (...Figure 3.6 Measured results of the array with and without the back‐to‐back U...Figure 3.7 The DCS and UMTS PIFAs are arranged on the same side of the PCB. ...Figure 3.8 Simulated and measured values of |S₁₁|, |S₂₂|, and |S₂₁| as funct...Figure 3.9 Top view of the arrangement of the PIFAs on the PCB when the feed...Figure 3.10 Simulated |S₂₁| values as functions of the source frequency when...Figure 3.11 Arrangement of the PIFAs on the same side of the PCB when the sh...Figure 3.12 Simulated and measured S‐parameters of the PIFA arrangements. (a...Figure 3.13 Schematic of an AADS‐augmented array. The height of the AADS abo...Figure 3.14 A 2 × 2 dual‐polarized dipole array. (a) Perspective view of the...Figure 3.15 The measured and simulated S‐parameters of the 2 × 2 array with ...Figure 3.16 The GCLL meta‐structure configuration. (a) The physical geometry...Figure 3.17 The π‐shaped meta‐structure configuration. (a) The physical...Figure 3.18 GCLL meta‐structure simulation results. (a) Predicted S‐paramete...Figure 3.19 The retrieved effective medium parameters of the π‐shaped e...Figure 3.20 Simulation results of the π‐shaped resonator. (a) S‐paramet...Figure 3.21 The retrieved effective medium parameters of the π‐shaped e...Figure 3.22 Diagram of the dual‐polarized arrays with (a) arbitrary and (b) ...Figure 3.23 Diagram of a dual‐polarized array with an arbitrary polarization...Figure 3.24 Two‐element array loaded with decoupling meta‐structures having ...Figure 3.25 Simulated S‐parameters for the array with the decoupling meta‐st...Figure 3.26 Simulated S‐parameters for the array without the decoupling meta...Figure 3.27 Simulated S‐parameters as functions of the (a) offset distance dFigure 3.28 Simplified model of using parasitic elements to reduce the mutua...Figure 3.29 Geometry of the dual‐slot‐element antenna. Its dimensions are gi...Figure 3.30 Simulated S‐parameters as functions of the source frequency. The...Figure 3.31 Two‐element dual‐polarized array loaded with the hybrid decoupli...Figure 3.32 Simulated reflection coefficients and port isolation levels for ...Figure 3.33 Surface current distributions of the two‐element array loaded on...Figure 3.34 Simulated port isolations between the co‐pol ports for the two‐e...Figure 3.35 Surface current distributions of the two‐element array loaded on...Figure 3.36 Simulated port isolations between the co‐pol ports for the two‐e...Figure 3.37 Two‐element CP array loaded with the planar hybrid decoupling st...Figure 3.38 Simulated reflection coefficients and port isolation levels of t...Figure 3.39 Simulated AR values as functions of the source frequency for the...Figure 3.40 Surface current distributions. (a) Two‐element CP array loaded w...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The schematic power flow when exciting Antenna 1 in two cases. (L...Figure 4.2 The schematic configuration of Antenna Array 1 in two cases. (a) ...Figure 4.3 Illustrations of cylindrical and spherical mantle cloaks.Figure 4.4 The (a) H‐plane and (b) E‐plane gain patterns of the first antenn...Figure 4.5 Simulated reflection coefficients of the two dipoles in three cas...Figure 4.6 Multilayer metasurface‐based mantle cloak for monopole antenna....Figure 4.7 3G/4G dual‐band dual‐polarized base station antenna array. (a) Sc...Figure 4.8 Simulated S‐parameters of the individual LB and HB antenna elemen...Figure 4.9 Simulated current distributions on a single section of the array ...Figure 4.10 Radiation patterns of the HB sub‐array without (solid line, blac...Figure 4.11 De‐scattering choke design. (a) Equivalent circuit of the choke....Figure 4.12 Two models used to assess the scattering suppression ability of ...Figure 4.13 Magnitude of the induced HB currents obtained with Model 1 and M...Figure 4.14 Two models used to assess the influence of the choke on the LB p...Figure 4.15 Comparison of the induced LB current magnitudes obtained from Mo...Figure 4.16 The introduction of chokes into the LP dipole arms. (a) Subdivid...Figure 4.17 Determination of the length of the segments in the LB arms. (a) ...Figure 4.18 Configuration of the optimized choked LB radiator.Figure 4.19 The choked LB antenna. (a) Perspective view. Configuration of (b...Figure 4.20 The electric field distribution in the xz‐plane at 1.7, 2.0, and...Figure 4.21 Comparison of the HB radiation patterns when only the HB array i...Figure 4.22 S‐parameters of the choked and the unaltered LB radiator.Figure 4.23 Comparison of the radiation patterns of the choked LB element an...Figure 4.24 Fabricated prototype of the dual‐band dual‐polarized interleaved...Figure 4.25 Simulated and measured reflection coefficients at the (a) HB and...Figure 4.26 Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the left column HB ...Figure 4.27 Simulated and measured HPBW and realized gains of the left colum...Figure 4.28 Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the LB antenna when...Figure 4.29 Simulated and measured HPBW and realized gains of the LB antenna...Figure 4.30 The spiral‐based HB radiator version of the dual‐band dual‐polar...Figure 4.31 Simulation model to design the spiral choke. It represents an in...Figure 4.32 Magnitudes of the induced currents on the spiral structure for d...Figure 4.33 Magnitudes of the currents induced on the spiral structure with ...Figure 4.34 Simulation model of the finite spiral structure illuminated by t...Figure 4.35 Magnitudes of the induced currents on the finite‐length spiral s...Figure 4.36 Top view of the interleaved 4G/5G BSA array with the spiral LB r...Figure 4.37 The electric field distributions in the xz‐plane when the radiat...Figure 4.38 Comparison of the HB radiation pattern in the vertical xz‐plane ...Figure 4.39 Interleaved 4G/5G BSA array with the spiral LB radiator. (a) Per...Figure 4.40 Simulated S‐parameters of the spiral LB antenna in the interleav...Figure 4.41 Radiation patterns in the x‐z plane of the spiral LB anten...Figure 4.42 The interleaved 4G/5G BSA array with the spiral LB radiator. (a)...Figure 4.43 Fabricated prototype of the interleaved 4G/5G BSA array with the...Figure 4.44 Magnitudes of the (a) simulated and (b) measured reflection coef...Figure 4.45 Magnitudes of the simulated and measured reflection and transmis...Figure 4.46 Simulated and measured radiation patterns in the x‐z plane...Figure 4.47 Simulated and measured results of the HB subarrays. (a) HPBW in ...Figure 4.48 Simulated and measured radiation patterns in the x‐z plane...Figure 4.49 LB antenna’s simulated and measured HPBW and gain values.Figure 4.50 Tri‐band 3G/4G/5G BSA.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Typical configuration of a differential RF (a) receiver, and (b) ...Figure 5.2 Block diagram of (a) single‐ended, and (b) differential circuitry...Figure 5.3 Block diagram of (a) mixed‐mode, and (b) differential signals.Figure 5.4 Traditional microstrip patch antennas. (a) Linear polarization. (...Figure 5.5 Wideband patch antennas. (a) 3D model. (b) Back view of the upper...Figure 5.6 Wideband patch antennas. (a) Equivalent circuit. (b) Reflection c...Figure 5.7 Simulated performance characteristics of the single feed and the ...Figure 5.8 Simulated H‐plane radiation patterns of the LP patch antenna at 4...Figure 5.9 Simulated current distributions on the single feed LP patch anten...Figure 5.10 Simulated current distributions on the differential‐fed LP patch...Figure 5.11 Wideband differential‐fed CP patch antenna design. (a) 3D isomet...Figure 5.12 Simulated performance characteristics of the single feed and dif...Figure 5.13 Simulated radiation patterns of the CP patch antenna in the y0z‐...Figure 5.14 Illustration of a differential‐fed distributed microstrip antenn...Figure 5.15 Some differential‐fed antenna arrays reported in the literature....Figure 5.16 Diagrams representing power dividers having multiple cascaded co...Figure 5.17 Some design examples of single‐ended‐to‐balanced power dividers ...Figure 5.18 Layout of a slotline‐to‐balanced‐microstrip line transition.Figure 5.19 Side view of the electric fields in the substrate between the bo...Figure 5.20 The developed SETB PD. (a) Layout. Source: (a) From [25] / with ...Figure 5.21 Synthesized differential‐mode S‐parameters of the SETB PD.Figure 5.22 Simulated and measured S‐parameters of the SETB PD prototype. (a...Figure 5.23 Configuration of a four‐element array fed by a differential feed...Figure 5.24 Electromagnetic model of the developed DFN based on the SETB PD ...Figure 5.25 LP differential array. (a) Isometric view of the 3D model. (b) B...Figure 5.26 Radiation patterns of the four‐element differential array fed by...Figure 5.27 The two differential‐fed antenna array configurations. (a) 1 × 4...Figure 5.28 Circular‐polarized 1 × 4 differential array: (a) 3D model. Sourc...Figure 5.29 Comparison of the array performance of the single feed and diffe...Figure 5.30 Electromagnetic model of a DFN that can feed a four‐element CP a...Figure 5.31 Prototype of the DFN connected to a differential‐fed 1 × 4 CP ar...Figure 5.32 Simulated and measured radiation