8 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Overview of various value-added products produced via electro-ferment...Figure 1.2 Mechanisms of electro-fermentation: (a) anodic electro-fermentation; ...Figure 1.3 A conceptual schematic showing combined anodic acidogenic EF coupled ...Figure 1.4 A conceptual schematic showing anodic ethanol-fermentation using cust...Figure 1.5 A conceptual schematic showing lipid extraction from microalgae using...
2 Chapter 2Scheme 2.1 General transesterification reaction.Figure 2.1 Simplified flow chart of base-catalyzed biodiesel production.Scheme 2.2 Saponification reaction.Scheme 2.3 Hydrolysis reaction.Scheme 2.4 Acid-catalyzed esterification of FFA.Scheme 2.5 Poisoning of CaO surface basic sites.Scheme 2.6 Mechanism of acid-catalyzed transesterification reaction.Figure 2.2 Surface structure of CaO.Scheme 2.7 Methoxide formation applying CaO catalyst.Scheme 2.8 Mechanism of CaO-catalyzed transesterification reaction.Scheme 2.9 Reaction of calcium oxide with glycerol.Scheme 2.10 Mechanism of tricalcium phosphate-catalyzed transesterification reac...Scheme 2.11 Mechanism of hydroxyapatite-catalyzed transesterification reaction.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 SD is MD by its very nature. Technology is a subsystem of SD.Figure 3.2 SDE is a subsystem of technology which is a subsystem of SD. Technolo...Figure 3.3 Main 10 needs of modern advanced economies and societies and output t...Figure 3.4 More detailed subsystems of SD.Figure 3.5 Preliminary bio-refinery structure with the main two sugar and syngas...Figure 3.6 A sustainable and clean future town.Figure 3.7 Some routes to bio-diesel and bio-hydrogen. FT= Fischer Tropsch.Figure 3.8 Routes for cellulosic bioethanol.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Typical sources and uses of biomass for energy purposes.Figure 4.2 The various representations of the naturally occurring form of the si...Figure 4.3 Portion of the polysaccharide, starch, which is used as a feedstock t...Figure 4.4 A typical saturated fatty acid.Figure 4.5 Bio-butanol is produced through the fermentation of starch and sugars...Figure 4.6 Examples of typical bioethers.
5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Interplay between possible adoptable measures for sustainable growth.Figure 6.2 Raw biomass to value-added products: A perspective to achieve sustain...Figure 6.3 Intergrated Solid waste management for waste minimization and proper ...Figure 6.4 Pictorial representation of land-based biomass sources.Figure 6.5 Global average waste generation (kg/capita/day),Figure 6.6 Various treatment routes applied for the sake of waste valorization a...Figure 6.7 Different stages from biomass to briquette production.Figure 6.8 The Interplay of green economy, circular economy, and bioeconomy.
6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Schematic diagram of water balance components within a landfill site.Figure 7.2 Electrocoagulation treatment process: (a) conceptual framework and (b...Figure 7.3 Basic reaction in the electrocoagulation process.Figure 7.4 Electrodes arrangement in the electrocoagulation process: (a) connect...Figure 7.5 Satellite image of PBLS and sampling location.Figure 7.6 Schematic diagram of the EC experimental set-up. Adopted from Hamid e...Figure 7.7 The effects of varying (a) current density, (b) contact time, and (c)...
7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Scheme of leachate generation in a landfill (Eggen et al., 2010).Figure 8.2 An example of birds and scavengers spreading over the landfill.Figure 8.3 Smoke from landfill due to fire.Figure 8.4 This landfill is located in Penang city in northwest Malaysia.Figure 8.5 Deir Al Balah landfill location from Gaza in Palestine.Figure 8.6 Schematic diagram for stabilized leachate treatment plant by ozone/ p...Figure 8.7 Various techniques to convert landfill into sustainable biorefinery. ...Figure 8.8 Cross-sectional diagram for the design of landfill site and the base ...Figure 8.9 The 3.2 MW gas engine for the generation of electricity.Figure 8.10 Pilot solar power project on top of the closed landfill cells.Figure 8.11 The model developed in ArcGIS to select the sustainable location of ...Figure 8.12 Land suitability evaluation. A case study in Karabuk, Turkey.
8 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Location of the study area (ARIJ, 2018).Figure 10.2 Average values for septage analyzed at rural Nablus; (a) pH and EC, ...Figure 10.3 COD/BOD5 ratio for septage analyzed at rural Nablus.Figure 10.4 Average values for septage analyzed at rural Nablus; (a) TS, TDS, an...Figure 10.5 Average values for septage analyzed at rural Nablus; (a) Alkalinity,...Figure 10.6 Designed wastewater treatment plant unit scheme for septage pretreat...Figure 10.7 Septage treatment plant model scheme designed by GPS-X 7.0 simulator...
9 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Hierarchy of oleochemicals production processes.Figure 11.2 Triglyceride structure: (a) glycerol structure (b) triglyceride glyc...Figure 11.3 Lipase catalyzed production of biodiesel using low-quality feedstock...Figure 11.4 Schematic diagram of a simple esterification reactor with water remo...
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Summary of electro-fermentation and electro-selective fermentation for...
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Standard properties of bio- and petro-diesel.Table 2.2 Empirical formula and structure of popular FAs present in vegetable oi...Table 2.3 A comparable summary for homogeneous alkaline- and lipase-catalyzed tr...
3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Composition of various oils and fats used for biodiesel production (pe...Table 4.2 Properties of vegetable oil biodiesel and diesel fuel (Bajpai and Tyag...Table 4.3 Kinematic viscosity in diesel fuel standards.Table 4.4 Composition of biogas from different sources (Spiegel and Preston, 200...Table 4.5 Composition of tall oil extractives from Kraft Black Liquor (Holmlund ...Table 4.6 Classification of light bio-oil.Table 4.7 A comparison of the oil content found in green algae.Table 4.8 Biofuel yields for different feedstocks and countries (Rajagoopal et a...Table 4.9 Selected properties of certain common bioenergy feedstocks and biofuel...Table 4.10 Final blend fuel requirements (at point of delivery).Table 4.11 Climate-related requirements and test methods.Table 4.12 ASTM D 4806 Standard Specification for denatured fuel ethanol for ble...
4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Summary of the reactions, causes and consequences on the