Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research. Brigitte S. Cypress

approach for my dissertation, I called upon her scholarly expertise, and I am honored to have her on my committee. She is an expert when it comes to deciphering and explaining the nuances between all of the different philosophical and phenomenological paradigms, which this textbook so aptly covers.

      Dr. Cypress established my foundation as a PhD student and piqued my interest in philosophy and using phenomenology to answer my research question. She was my first professor when I commenced my PhD journey at Pace University. Thank you, Dr Cypress, for all of your patience as I stumble through learning the complicated material, finding my way as a scholar, and for writing this book.

       Cindy Paradiso MA, RN‐BC, CNE

       PhD candidate

       Adjunct Clinical Professor

       Pace University, New York, USA

      With a contribution from

      Kathleen Ahern Gould, PhD, MSN, RN Editor‐in‐Chief Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

      Clinical/Adjunct Faculty

      William F. Connell School of Nursing

      Boston College

      Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA

      Foreword

      Dr. Cypress brings together a seamless pathway to understand the foundation of qualitative research which lays the groundwork for the phenomenological research method. As the utilization of qualitative research approaches continues to expand in nursing and health sciences research, doctoral students and qualitative researchers need to be able to keep abreast of the expanding knowledge, skills, and tools about advances in the foundations of qualitative research and, for many, phenomenological research which supports the development of nursing knowledge. She emphasizes the concepts, methods, instructions/guides, while using an empathetic approach to conduct phenomenological study. The use of real‐life exemplars based on self‐conducted studies guides the reader through the process of qualitative research with an emphasis on the phenomenological research method. Her approach to phenomenology applies the philosophical aspects in phenomenological studies. This book promotes the understanding and challenges encountered in conducting qualitative and phenomenological approach studies.

      As a researcher, professor, and author, Dr. Cypress assists those who are curious about lived experience and links qualitative research to evidence‐based practice, policy, theory, and “praxis” (outcomes). Her experience as teacher, researcher, and mentor sheds light on the real challenges in conducting a qualitative study and using data analysis software, all in one book. An exceptional strength of the book is the presentation of exemplars from Dr. Cypress's own research that serve as models for specific phases of phenomenological research process as well as a unique approach to concept analysis, laying a foundation for future research. This book provides the philosophical and paradigmatic aspects of phenomenological research while using exemplars of the application of philosophy to the qualitative research process.

       Keville Frederickson, EdD, RN, FAAN

       Professor and Founding Director, PhD Program

       Lienhard School of Nursing

       College of Health Professions

       Pace University, New York, USA

       Donna M. Nickitas, PhD, RN, NEA‐BC, CNE, FNAP, FAAN

       Dean and Professor

       Rutgers School of Nursing, Camden, New Jersey, USA

      List of Tables and Figures

      Tables

      Table 2.1 Philosophical assumptions and questions to ask

      Table 2.2 Paradigms and worldviews

      Table 2.3 Constructivism and paradigm position

      Table 2.4 The Duquesne Phenomenological Research Method

      Table 2.5 Sample of Giorgi’s three‐step data analysis and corresponding themes

      Table 2.6 Conceptual versus theoretical framework

      Table 3.1 Types of data

      Table 3.2 Qualitative research design data collection techniques

      Table 3.3 Procedures for preparing and conducting interviews

      Table 3.4 Qualitative general data analysis procedures

      Table 3.5 Classifying codes into themes in qualitative research designs

      Table 3.6 Developing and assessing interpretations in qualitative research designs

      Table 3.7 Representing and visualizing the data in qualitative research designs

      Table 4.1 Types of qualitative data analysis software

      Table 4.2 Considerations when choosing a qualitative data analysis software package

      Table 5.1 The four criteria of trustworthiness: scientific and naturalistic terms

      Table 5.2 Terms related to reliability

      Table 5.3 Synthesis of validity criteria development

      Table 5.4 Techniques for demonstrating validity

      Table 5.5 Trustworthiness criteria applied to the exemplar phenomenological study

      Table 6.1 Ethical writing questions for qualitative researchers

      Table 7.1 Reporting guidelines for qualitative research papers

      Table 7.2 Writing resources

      Table 8.1 Phenomena and research questions in qualitative studies

      Table 8.2 Questions to ask regarding whether to use qualitative research

      Table 10.1 Family conference and/or meeting in the ICU: family and healthcare outcomes

      Table 10.2 Outcomes of transfer and discharge from ICU for patients, family members, and nurses

      Figures

      Figure 6.1 Patient–family–nurse lived ICU experiences themes and descriptors

      Figure 6.2 Patient–family–nurse lived ED experiences themes and descriptors

      Preface

      Quoting the title of Wanda Pillow's writing in Merriam's (2002) book, “Looking Back to Move Forward: Reflections on How I Did Research Impacts What I Know Now,” this is how I want to start this book: to look back at how I conducted my first qualitative phenomenological