15 10 Towards a Digital Diatom: Image Processing and Deep Learning Analysis of Bacillaria paradoxa Dynamic Morphology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods 10.3 Results 10.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References
16 11 Diatom Triboacoustics 11.1 State-of-the-Art 11.2 Methods 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.4 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgements References
17 12 Movements of Diatoms VIII: Synthesis and Hypothesis1 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Review of the Conditions Necessary for Movements 12.3 Hypothesis 12.4 Analysis – Comparison with Observations 12.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References
18 13 Locomotion of Benthic Pennate Diatoms: Models and Thoughts 13.1 Diatom Structure 13.2 Models for Diatom Locomotion 13.3 Locomotion and Aggregation of Diatoms 13.4 Simulation on Locomotion, Aggregation and Mutual Perception of Diatoms References
19 14 The Whimsical History of Proposed Motors for Diatom Motility1 14.1 Introduction2 14.2 Historical Survey of Models for the Diatom Motor 14.3 Pulling What We Know and Don’t Know Together, about the Diatom Motor 14.4 Membrane Surfing: A New Working Hypothesis for the Diatom Motor (2020) Acknowledgments References Appendix References
20 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Drawing of a pennate diatom with two raphe branches on its valve.Figure 1.2 Hypothesis that there is a point P between apices A1 and A2, so that the apical axis is tangential to the trajectory of P.Figure 1.3 Traces of two trackers attached close to the apices of a diatom of Navicula sp.Figure 1.4 Root-mean-square deviation of the angle between the apical axis and the smoothed trajectory of the point x located between the trackers.Figure 1.5 Histogram of the frequencies of the angular difference between the direction of the diatom (apical axis) and the smoothed curve in P.Figure 1.6 Craticula cuspidata observed from an almost horizontal view.Figure 1.7 Hypothesis that there is a point P between apices A1 and A2, so that the diatom performs stochastic rotary motions around P.Figure 1.8 Root-mean-square deviation of the transverse component of the fluctuations of the hypothetical pivot point.Figure 1.9 The left side (a) illustrates the sequence of steps for reversal of direction, in which the tilting takes place after the direction of motion has been changed. In alternative (b), tilting takes place before reversing the direction.Figure 1.10 Craticula cuspidata viewed from a horizontal perspective. The transapical axis is inclined against the substrate.Figure 1.11 Trajectory of a diatom with reversal points. The point P never changes to a place of the raphe with opposite curvature.Figure 1.12 Path of a diatom of the genus Navicula with reversal points. The direction of curvature changes at each reversal point.Figure 1.13 Outline and raphe of a Cymbella.Figure 1.14 Overlay of four images from a video showing a trajectory of a diatom of the species Cymbella cistula. The yellow line shows the trajectory of the leading apex. The line segment between the apices is marked in white.Figure 1.15 On the left (a) the superimposition of images