A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, 2 Volume Set. Группа авторов

in which to assess their super‐regional control, they did not interfere, at least not exceptionally, in internal Cypriot affairs, leaving Cypriot civilization to develop along its own patterns. But, largely independent from its political predominance, Achaemenid civilization, especially through luxury and status symbol artifacts, spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean basin, becoming a reference for aristocracies and elites of a wide and diversified area, including Asia Minor, the Levant, and Cyprus. Achaemenid influences entered Cyprus through a variety of paths, some of them direct (occasional presence of Persian agents; diplomatic exchanges; Cypriot participation in Persian military enterprises), others indirect (Ionian sculpture; Syrian and Phoenician art).

The complex, hybridized results of the elaboration of all these elements bear the signs of the quest for a pan‐Cypriot identity, having its focal points in a common model of kingship and the relation with the divinity. More detailed, differentiated regional identities, apparent in the archeological evidence during the Archaic period (Fourrier 2007), are difficult to study in relation to the Persian Empire, the data being so limited; but it is already quite evident that the kingdom of Salamis, at least since the reign of Evagoras, played an important role in the appropriation of some Achaemenid symbolisms for local needs. The western part of the island (Palaepaphos, Soloi, Marion) seems to have been strategically relevant to Achaemenid interests, but the evidence available is ambiguous, and new, detailed studies can radically change our perspective. Even less is known about the relations between Persia and the southern kingdoms of Amathus and Kition, where the great gap in our documentation is still to be filled.

REFERENCES

      1 Amadasi Guzzo, M.G. (2017). The Idalion archive 2: The Phoenician inscriptions. In N. Papadimitriou, M. Toli (eds.), Archaia Kypros. Prosfates exelixeis stin archaiologia tis anatolikis Mesogeiou. Athens: Museum of Cycladic Art, pp. 275–284.

      2 Aupert, P. (dir.) (1996). Guide d’Amathonte. Paris: École française d’Athènes.

      3 Cannavò, A. (2010). Les royaumes chypriotes entre Perses, Grecs et Phéniciens: Factoïdes à Chypre vingt‐cinq ans après Maier. Transeuphratène, 39, pp. 49–68.

      4 Destrooper‐Georgiades, A. (2000). Existe‐t‐il un impact du pouvoir perse sur le monnayage chypriote? In O. Casabonne (ed.), Mécanismes et innovations monétaires dans l’Anatolie achéménide: Numismatique et histoire. Istanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes, pp. 233–238.

      5 Fourrier, S. (2007). La coroplastie chypriote archaïque: Identités culturelles et politiques à l’époque des royaumes. Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée.

      6 Georgiadou, A. (2010). La tablette d’Idalion réexaminée. Cahiers du Centre d’Études Chypriotes, 40, pp. 141–203.

      7 Gjerstad, E. (1948). The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: IV 2. The Cypro‐Geometric, Cypro‐Archaic and Cypro‐Classical periods. Stockholm: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition.

      8 Gjerstad, E., Lindros, J., Sjoquist, K.E., and Westholm, A. (1937). The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: III 2. Stockholm: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition.

      9 Hadjicosti, M. (1997). The kingdom of Idalion in the light of new evidence. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 308, pp. 49–63.

      10 Hadjicosti, M. (2017). To archeio tou Idaliou 1: Istoriko kai archaiologiko plaisio. In N. Papadimitriou, M. Toli (eds.), Archaia Kypros. Prosfates exelixeis stin archaiologia tis anatolikis Mesogeiou. Athens: Museum of Cycladic Art, pp. 257–283.

      11 Hellström, P. (2009). The palace of Vouni revisited. Medelhavsmuseet: Focus on the Mediterranean, 4, pp. 28–42.

      12 Hermary, A. (1989a). Témoignage des documents figurés sur la société chypriote d’époque classique. In E.J. Peltenburg (ed.), Early Society in Cyprus. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 180–196.

      13 Hermary, A. (1989b). Musée du Louvre, catalogue des antiquités de Chypre: Sculptures. Paris: Musée du Louvre.

      14 Hermary, A. (2006). Marques d’identité, d’ethnicité ou de pouvoir dans le monnayage chypriote à l’époque des royaumes. In S. Fourrier, G. Grivaud (eds.), Identités croisées en un milieu méditerranéen: le cas de Chypre (Antiquité – Moyen Âge). Rouen: Publications des Universités de Rouen et du Havre, pp. 111–134.

      15  Hermary, A. (2013). Building power: palaces and the built environment in Cyprus in the archaic and classical periods. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 370, pp. 83–101.

      16 Hermary, A., and Mertens, J.R. (2014). The Cesnola Collection of Cypriot Art: Stone Sculpture. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

      17 Iacovou, M. (2002). From ten to naught: formation, consolidation and abolition of Cyprus' Iron Age polities. Cahiers du Centre d’Études Chypriotes, 32, pp. 73–87.

      18 Iacovou, M. (2008). “The Palaepaphos Urban Landscape Project”: Theoretical background and preliminary report 2006–2007. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, pp. 263–289.

      19 Iacovou, M. (2013a). Historically elusive and internally fragile island polities: the intricacies of Cyprus's political geography in the Iron Age. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 370, pp. 15–47.

      20 Iacovou, M. (2013b). Paphos before Palaepaphos: new approaches to the history of the Paphian kingdom. In D. Michaelides (ed.), Epigraphy, Numismatics, Prosopography and History of Ancient Cyprus: Papers in Honour of Ino Nicolaou. Uppsala: Åströms Förlag, pp. 275–291.

      21 Iacovou, M. (2019). Palaepaphos: Unlocking the landscape context of the sanctuary of the Cypriot goddess. Open Archaeology 5, pp. 204–234.

      22 Leibundgut Wieland, D., and Tatton‐Brown, V. (2019). Nordost‐Tor und persische Belagerungsrampe in Alt‐Paphos IV: Skulpturen, Votivmonumente und Bauteile in der Belagerungsrampe (Ausgrabungen in Alt‐Paphos auf Cypern 9). Wiesbaden: Reichert.

      23 Maier, F.G. (1985). Factoids in ancient history: the case of fifth‐century Cyprus. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 105, pp. 32–39.

      24 Maier, F.G. (1989a). Palaces of Cypriot kings. In V. Tatton‐Brown (ed.), Cyprus and the East Mediterranean in the Iron Age. London: British Museum, pp. 16–27.

      25 Maier, F.G. (1989b). Priest kings in Cyprus. In E.J. Peltenburg (ed.), Early Society in Cyprus. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 376–391.

      26 Maier, F.G. (2008). Nordost‐Tor und persische Belagerungsrampe in Alt‐Paphos III: Grabungsbefund und Baugeschichte (Ausgrabungen in Alt‐Paphos auf Cypern 6). Mainz am Rhein: von Zabern.

      27 Markou, E. (2006). Problèmes iconographiques du monnayage d’or des derniers rois de Salamine au IVe siècle avant J.‐C. In S. Fourrier, G. Grivaud (eds.), Identités croisées en un milieu méditerranéen: le cas de Chypre (Antiquité – Moyen Âge). Rouen: Publications des Universités de Rouen et du Havre, pp. 135–151.

      28 Markou, E. (2007). Le témoignage des monnaies sur l’orfèvrerie chypriote classique. Cahiers du Centre d’Études Chypriotes, 37, pp. 411–427.

      29 Papalexandrou, N. (2006). A Cypro‐Archaic public building at Polis Chrysochou, 1999–2003: Preliminary report. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, pp. 223–237.

      30 Papalexandrou, N. (2008). A Cypro‐Archaic public building at Polis Chrysochou, 2006–2007: Interim report. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, pp. 251–262.

      31 Petit, T. (1991). Présence et influences perses à Chypre. In H. Sancisi‐Weerdenburg, A. Kuhrt (eds.), Asia Minor and Egypt (Achaemenid History 6). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten te Leiden, pp. 161–178.

      32  Roux, G. (1980). Le chapiteau à protomés de taureaux découvert à Salamine de Chypre. In Salamine de Chypre, histoire et archéologie. État des recherches, Paris: Éditions du CNRS, pp. 33–41.

      33 Satraki, A. (2013). The iconography of basileis in archaic and classical Cyprus: Manifestations of royal power in the visual record. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research,