Acknowledgments
The author is thankful to Prof. Karu P. Esselle and Prof. Graham Town, School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, for supporting Adjunct Professorship at Macquarie University. The author is also thankful to Prof. Enakshi K. Sharma, Department of Electronic Science, South Campus, Delhi University, for continuous discussions on topics related to EM‐Theory, Wave propagation, etc. The author sincerely appreciates the help and guidance provided by Prof. Kai Chang, Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University during the review process of the book. The author also appreciates the active interest taken by Mr. Brett Kurzman and his team of Wiley Publishing for the review and friendly administrative support.
The author is particularly grateful to Dr. I.J. Bahl, Editor‐in‐Chief, Int. J. of RF & Microwave Computer‐Aided Engineering, John Wiley, USA; Prof. Zhongxiang Shen, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and Prof. Ladislau Matekovits, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, for reading book chapters and providing valuable suggestions to improve the book.
The author has benefitted from the comments, suggestions, and corrections of many colleagues, teachers, and students. The author would like to thank the following people for their useful contributions toward corrections and useful discussions: Dr. Koteshwar Rao, Dr. Harsupreet Kaur, Dr. Kamlesh Patel, Mr. Amit Birwal, Dr. Ashwani Kumar, Dr. Paramjeet Singh, Dr. Y.K. Awasthi, and Mr. Prashant Chaudhary from the Department of Electronic Science, Delhi University; Dr. Raheel Hashmi, Dr. Sudipta Chakraborty, and Dr. Rajas Prakash Khokle of School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney; Dr. Nasimuddin of Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore; Prof. Asoke De, Dr. Priyanka Jain, Ms. Priyanka Garg of Department of Electrical Engineering, DTU, Delhi; Mr. Shailendra Singh of Product Development and Innovation Center, Bharat Electronics Ltd., Bengaluru, India; Dr. Rajesh Singh, Microwave Radiation Laboratory, University of Pisa, Italy; Dr. Archna Rajput, IIT Jammu, India; Dr. Ravi Kumar Arya, Dept. of ECE, NIT, Delhi. The author is especially thankful to his students, Mr. Shailendra Singh and Mr. Prashant Chaudhary for their continuous help in correction of all chapters.
The author expresses his unbounded love and regards to his parents – Late Sh. A.P. Verma and Late Tara Devi, Uncle Late Sh. Hira Prasad, to grandmother Late Radhika Devi, and Uncle and Life‐guide Sh. Girija Pd. Srivastava. The author also is grateful to his teacher Prof. M.K.P. Mishra for excellent teaching of Circuit Theory in unique style, and for providing support in many ways. The author is thankful to his family members for their encouragement and support. Finally, I wish to express my heartfelt thanks and deepest appreciation to my wife, Kamini. The smiling faces of my grandchildren, Naina, Tinu, and Nupur have always kept me going on with the tiring work of book writing.
Anand K. Verma
New Delhi, Sydney
Author Biography
Anand K. Verma, PhD, is an adjunct professor in the School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Formerly, he was professor and head, Department of Electronic Science, South Campus, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. He has been a visiting professor at Otto van Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany (2002–2003), and a Tan Chin Tuan Scholar (2001) at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He holds a German patent on a microstrip antenna. He has introduced the concept and design method of surface-mounted compact horn antenna used for high gain, wideband, and ultra‐wideband quasi-planar antenna applicable to both linear and circular polarization. He has organized and attended many international symposia and workshops. He has conducted short-term courses and delivered invited lectures at the research institutes in India and several countries. He was also chairman of the TPC, APMC-2004, New Delhi, India. Professor Verma has published over 250 papers in international journals and the proceedings of international and national symposia. He has introduced the concept of single layer reduction (SLR) formulation for the CAD-oriented modeling of multilayer planar lines.
1 Overview of Transmission Lines: (Historical Perspective, Overview of Present Book)
Introduction
The transmission line is at the core of the communication technology system. It forms a medium for signal transmission, and also helps to develop high‐frequency passive components and circuit blocks. Historically, both experimental investigations and analytical theories have played significant roles in the growth of transmission line technology. Each type of distinct line structure is responsible for the development of distinct communication technology. The single‐wire transmission line with the Earth as a return conductor is responsible for the operation of Telegraphy. It evolved into the coaxial cable that made the Transatlantic Telegraphy possible. The two‐wire open line became a medium for the Telephonic transmission. These two line structures are behind the development of the monopole and dipole antenna that made possible the growth of the high‐frequency communication using the medium wave (MW), short wave (SW), very high‐frequency (VHF), and ultra‐high frequency (UHF) bands. The microwave and mm‐wave transmission systems are developed mostly around the metallic waveguides, and subsequently also using the nonmetallic dielectric waveguides. Finally, it has resulted in modern optical fiber technology. The planar transmission lines are behind the modern advanced microwave communication components and systems.
The present chapter provides a very brief historical overview of the classical and modern planar transmission lines. The chapter presents a historical survey of the development of the electromagnetic (EM) theory also. Next, a brief overview of the organization of the book is discussed.
Objectives
To present a survey of the developments of the classical EM‐theory.
To present brief historical notes on the classical transmission lines and development of transmission line theory.
To present brief historical notes on planar transmission lines.
To present an overview of the contents of the book.
1.1 Overview of the Classical Transmission Lines
The classical transmission lines such as a single‐wire line with the earth as a return conductor, coaxial cable, two‐wire line, multi‐conductor lines, and waveguides are reviewed very briefly in this section. The historical development of the Telegrapher's Equations is also presented. The developments of the theoretical concepts of EM-theory are reviewed below. The data related to the review of the EM‐theory and transmission lines are collected from the published books [B.1–B.7] and journal articles referred at the end of the chapter.
1.1.1 Telegraph Line
The telegraph is the first coded point‐to‐point electrical communication system. As early as 1747, William Watson showed the possibility of transmitting an electrical current on a wire using the earth as a return conductor. Thus, overhead single‐wire