The Handbook of Language and Speech Disorders. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Языкознание
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119606994
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of Speech‐Language Pathology, 14, 292–305.

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      DAVID JACKSON MORRIS1 AND DAAN VAN DE VELDE2

      1 University of Copenhagen, Denmark

      2 Leiden University, The Netherlands

      Hearing loss is a symptom associated with multiple disease processes, a receptive communication condition that corrodes social interaction and, as an acquired condition, it is a curse with many concomitant effects. Approximately one in a thousand infants is born with hearing loss and after the age of 60, many of us will experience some form of hearing loss regardless of what we have been exposed to in the form of noise, substances or diseases. This foundational chapter will review recent advances in the causes of, and problems associated with, hearing loss, while also presenting advances in the treatment of these, particularly those ushered in by the mainstream adoption of the cochlear implant (CI). This device is surgically implanted into the inner ear of a patient and transmits acoustic energy into electrical pulses that are picked up by the auditory nerve and relayed to the brain. We will also consider the auditory limitations imposed on listeners that use CIs in their daily communication. For the purpose of this chapter we will focus on hearing loss associated with the inner ear and the peripheral auditory neuraxis, that is, sensorineural hearing loss.

       3.2.1 ISO 7029 and Observations from Hearing Loss in Normal Aging Populations

      A number of trends are obvious. Hearing loss occurring with age is concentrated at the high frequencies and therefore most likely to be sensorineural. From the percentile distribution of data at 80 years we can also see that, if we live that long, most of us will experience some form of non‐acquired hearing loss, that is, hearing loss not attributable to an exogenous cause. It is evident that while median audiometric thresholds at 40 and 60 years are generally within clinical audiometric definitions of normal hearing sensitivity (approximately <25 dB HL at octave frequencies between and including 500 and 4,000 Hz), those at 80 years of age are well outside of that. The audiometric configuration from the 80 years data shows that only those within the 10th percentile will have normal audiometric thresholds and can therefore be expected not to be affected by the negative consequences of hearing loss in their daily communication.

      Compared