To put it in dollar terms, the $60 gift of Kodak stock was worth 18 cents at the end of 2020. The same investment in the S&P 500 Index was worth nearly $10,250 (assuming the reinvestment of all dividends and no taxes assessed).
In addition to a warning of fads, this case study highlights the great risk of holding single stocks. It may appear easy to select the future winner, but as we'll see, it is anything but.
Be Observant: Keep Learning About Investing
As common sense might dictate, successful investors need to keep absorbing new information. In any endeavor, whether it's parenting, a profession, or athletics, you must keep learning to stay up to speed.
Your efforts don't need to be time-consuming. Devote a little bit of regular attention (or a regular bit of a little attention) to the markets and to your own investments. Read, on occasion, reputable websites or publications that cover business and investing news. I say periodic attention because it's misleading—and downright hazardous to your wealth—to slavishly follow the movements of the markets or the fortunes of particular segments or companies on a daily, weekly, monthly, or even annual basis.
What you want to accomplish is threefold:
1 To deepen your understanding of what happens to your investments.
2 To protect yourself in case of developments that threaten your investments.
3 To keep abreast of new opportunities.
New investment opportunities will surface from time to time. You can distinguish the significant ones from the ephemeral ones by taking a close look at the trade-offs. Should you be willing—as some investors were in the 1990s—to give up the diversification of a broadly based mutual fund in order to seek a higher return by sinking all of your money into one hot-performing technology stock? No way, and I'll explain why in Chapter 6. Should you be willing to give up the safety of a passbook savings account at the bank for a higher-yielding money market fund that invests in high-quality, short-term commercial debt, as millions of investors have done in the last few decades? Sure.
Missing valuable new investment opportunities can hurt you—sometimes a little, sometimes a lot. The rise of money market funds in the late 1970s is a perfect case in point. In retrospect, money market funds revolutionized the financial industry because they offered market interest rates on very liquid, high-quality securities. Investors who continued to keep their short-term savings in non-interest-bearing checking accounts after money market funds became available missed an important opportunity to create more wealth for themselves.
With any new, innovative financial product, however, there's no need to rush in until it is determined that the solution is truly enduring. As my good friend Burt Malkiel once said: “Never buy anything from someone who is out of breath.” As I mentioned in the Acknowledgments, if you wish to become a student of investing, I suggest you read Malkiel's A Random Walk Down Wall Street. This classic popularized the theory that stock prices take a random and unpredictable path, and thus predicting future, short-term price movements is futile. In his book, Malkiel says “a blindfolded monkey throwing darts at a newspaper's financial pages could select a portfolio that would do just as well as one carefully selected by experts.” (I had the pleasure of serving on Vanguard's Board of Directors with Burt for nearly 18 years. He is a great investment mind and was a valued Trustee during his 28-year tenure.)
Malkiel's random walk theory is an important underpinning of another important innovation: Index mutual funds, which were largely an institutional investment strategy until the mid-to-late 1990s. Indexing is an investment strategy in which a fund seeks to match the performance of a market index (e.g., the S&P 500 Index) by holding all the securities in the index or a carefully chosen sample of them. That may sound less than exciting until you realize that index funds have a tremendous cost advantage that can mean greater returns for their investors. The trade-off is that with an index fund, you will never “beat the market.” It took decades for the merits of index funds to gain traction, but by now millions of investors have realized that the certainty of keeping up with the market is a very worthwhile trade-off for the possibility of beating it. Investors who have forgone investing in index funds have done so to their detriment. I'll discuss the index funds and actively managed funds later in this book.
So, there you have it. I've introduced you to the four priorities of confident investors. In the next chapter, I'll cover another important factor: trust.
In a Nutshell
You can invest successfully and confidently if you establish four priorities:
Do your homework. Develop an understanding of investment basics, such as the concept of the risk/reward trade-off.
Develop good habits. Become a disciplined saver. Be a buy-and-hold investor. Resist the temptation to keep score too often.
Avoid fads. Refrain from abandoning good habits in order to embrace the latest investment sensations. You can wipe out the gains of many years of patient investing by falling for a scheme or “sure thing.”
Keep learning about investing. Stay abreast of new opportunities and protect yourself from developments that threaten your investments.
2 You Gotta Have Trust
It all starts with trust. To succeed as an investor, you first must trust yourself to make sound decisions. Second, you must trust the world's economies and the financial markets to be your allies in building wealth over the long term. Third, you must trust in time and the power of compounding—the way that “money makes money.” Finally, you must trust in the firms and financial professionals who serve as your partners in your investing journey.
When I was nearly finished with the first edition of this book in the summer of 2002, the broad issue of investor trust and confidence was a staple topic of newspapers and newscasts. Not only had the stock markets taken a proverbial drubbing during the previous few years, startling revelations about misdeeds at companies, including Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, Xerox, and Qwest, resulted in huge investor losses and shook the capitalist system to its core. All, or nearly all, of the value of these once-admired companies was wiped away when the market learned that management had misled investors through deceptive or fraudulent financial statements.
While employees, investors, and the general public were injured in the devastation caused by these high-profile breaches of trust, there was a silver lining to these stories: They showed that the system worked. Corporate executives who manipulated their financial statements and violated investor trust were eventually caught and brought to justice. Moreover, these abuses led to improvements in corporate governance and regulatory changes from which today's investors benefit immensely.
You're likely to witness untrustworthy behavior by firms and individuals in your investing lifetime. Some of the high-profile cases in the past 15 years include the Madoff Ponzi scheme (2008), the Theranos fraud (2015), and the Wells Fargo scandal (2016). Because humans are involved and greed is an eternal human failing, the system probably will always be subject to scandals and schemes, but I am confident it remains fundamentally sound. The reality is that most companies and most company leaders behave ethically and with integrity. The reality is that the markets ultimately reward honesty and punish untrustworthy behavior. And the reality is that you are left with little choice.
I would be remiss if I didn't mention that the mutual fund industry had its own bout of scandal. In 2003, it came to light that some two dozen mutual funds were illegally allowing trades after market close or permitting trades to favored