BSS GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) protocol layer; refer to 3GPP TS 48.018 [136].
NS and BSSGP layer messages are also encoded/decoded and are described in a tabular format similar to the air interface Layer 3 messages. However, unlike the Layer 3 messages, NS and BSSGP layer messages do not contain a message header. Each NS and BSSGP layer message starts with their message type, followed by the associated IEs.
Between UMTS RNC – CN; LTE E‐UTRAN and CN; 5G NG‐RAN and CN
The UMTS RANAP, over the Iu interface between RNC and CN, uses the ASN.1 notation for describing the signaling message between RNC and the CN. The LTE/EPS S1‐AP, between eNodeB and MME, and X2‐AP, between two eNodeBs, also uses the ASN.1 notation for encoding and decoding of signaling message over the S1 and X2 interface. Similarly, the 5G system NG‐AP, between NG‐RAN/gNB and AMF, and XN‐AP, between two gNB, also use the ASN.1 notation for encoding and decoding of signaling message over the NG and Xn interfaces. Protocol messages specifications using ASN.1 notation was described earlier in Section 4.1.5. Note that the messages exchanged between UMTS RNC – CN; LTE E‐UTRAN and CN; 5G NG‐RAN and 5G core are also described using tabular notation. Example 4.8 illustrates the tabular definitions of a message described in a tabular format.
The NAS‐PDU IE, which is a mandatory one, in the downlink NAS transport message contains the message to be communicated from the MME to the UE.
Chapter Summary
This chapter presented the CSN.1, ASN.1, direct, indirect, tabular format, and so on and methods of describing and encoding/decoding protocol layer messages across the different mobile communications systems from the GSM to the 5G system. The peer protocol layers of network elements of a mobile communications network exchange signaling messages using a particular encoding/decoding method as described in this chapter. These encoding and decoding methods are used over their respective logical interfaces, e.g. air interface Layer 2, Layer 3, NAS layer, between RAN and CN, and so on, to exchange control plane information. In comparison to the other encoding methods described in this chapter, the CSN.1 encoding method produces more compact protocol layer messages that are to be transmitted over the GPRS air interface.
An encoding and decoding method represents the data structures of IEs of messages that are used during the software design and development of protocol layers supported by the network elements of a mobile communications network. An IE of a message may contain and may be encoded with several information. Unlike the traditional IP layer header and packet, information may be encoded/decoded even at a single bit level in a mobile communications message. Correctly encoding and decoding of an IE, its components, and the value of a control plane or data plane message is important for the successful operation of a mobile communications network. It is also important from the interworking and interoperation point of view. We then closed the chapter with the method of piggybacking of a signaling message over another signaling message, thus reducing signaling overhead, be it over the air interface or between CN elements.
5 Network Elements : Identities and Its Addressing
Introduction
This chapter covers the various identities that are used to identify and address different network elements or logical objects of mobile communications systems and networks, i.e. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), and Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) system. Network identities used in the 5G system are described in Chapter 16. Every network element has its own identity using which the peer network element can identify the source of data received over a particular interface.
We begin with the network identities that are used at the radio access and core network (CN) domain along with their nature. A network element identity has several other aspects such as its persistency, which may be either permanent or temporary; also, an identity may have a local or global presence. A network element can have several identities, especially if it supports multiple radio access technologies (RATs). We then present the fundamental or native and mapped identity of a network element. Mapped identities are used in case of an interworking scenario where a user and its User Equipment (UE) move from one RAT to another and vice versa.
A network identity may be used by a network element to keep track of the resources allocated to another network element. Apart from the network elements, network identities are also assigned to identify and address other logical objects such as the GSM location area, GPRS routing area, and LTE/Evolved Packet System (EPS) tracking area. Such network identities are further described in Chapter 18.
5.1 Network Elements and Their Identities
A mobile communications system and network comprise numerous physical network elements or resources as well as logical objects or resources that are used as part of the design, development, implementation, and field deployment. Network elements or resource identities are logical in nature. An identity may represent a logical connection and association between two network elements. A network element, say eNodeB, may assign an identity to another network, say UE, to uniquely identify it over a particular logical interface. The network element's identities are divided into the following categories:
UE/Mobile Station (MS) Identities
Radio Access Network (RAN), UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Evolved‐UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E‐UTRAN), 5G Next‐Generation Radio Access Network (NG‐RAN) Identities
CN Identities
Figure 5.1 illustrates the above network identities along with their natures.
Figure 5.1 Network identities, their persistency, and presence.
A network element, or a subscriber, or a logical link between peer protocols or other logical resources are identified and addressed with their corresponding identities, which can be a permanent, temporary, static, or dynamic in nature, as shown in Figure 5.1. For example, the core network may allocate a temporary identity to a mobile device for paging purposes. The CN and the access network allocate a temporary identity to an MS/UE as a result of events such as the power off/on or changes in the current location of the mobile device. This is required to protect the real identity of a mobile device while communicating with the network over the air interface.
A permanent identity is assigned to a network element as part of its administrative provision, network planning, and configuration process. For example, an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is allocated to uniquely identify each mobile subscriber in the GSM, UMTS, LTE/EPS, and 5G systems and may be also used to page an MS/UE by the CN.
A network identity can be a local one, i.e. visible to a particular network element such as GSM Visitor Location Register (VLR), GPRS Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), and LTE/EPS Mobility Management Entity (MME), or it can be used/visible across the end‐to‐end network element, i.e. from the mobile device to base station controller (BSC), UTRAN, E‐UTRAN, and 5G NG‐RAN to Core Network.
A network identity can be a global one that is exchanged across an interface connecting two peer network