The Founding of New England. James Truslow Adams

self-governing people been left to the half-million barbarians who barely gained a subsistence from it four centuries ago. Man, in the individual treatment of his fellow, is, indeed, bound by the laws of justice and of right; but in the larger processes of history we are confronted by problems that the ethics of the individual fail to solve. The Indian in the American forest, and the Polynesian in his sunny isle, share, in the moral enigma of their passing, the mystery of the vanished races of man and brute, which have gone down in the struggle for existence in geological or historic ages, in what, one would fain believe, is a universe governed by moral law.

      Notes

      1. Cf. C. B. Fawcett, Frontiers (Oxford, 1918), pp. 50 ff. Also, Lord Curzon, Frontiers (Oxford, 1908), pp. 13 ff.

      2. The three most important of these routes were: 1, from the headwaters of the St. John to a branch of the Chaudière; 2, from the head of the Kennebec to the Chaudière proper (the route of Col. Arnold in 1775); and 3, from a branch of the Connecticut to a stream entering Lake Memphremagog, and so down the St. Francis. Cf. A. B Hulbert, Portage Paths; Cleveland, 1903. Many of the early maps also show the more important portages and carrying-places.

      3. W. M. Davis, The Physical Geography of Southern New England (New York, 1896), pp. 26 ff.

      4. E. C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment (New York, 1911), p. 354.

      5. V. S. Clark, History of Manufactures in the U. S., 1607-1860 (Carnegie Institution, Washington, 1916), pp. 88 ff.

      6. Report on the Water-Power of the U. S.; Census Report, 1885.

      7. N. S. Shaler, United States, vol. i, p. 54.

      8. E. Huntington, Civilization and Climate (Yale University Press, 1915), p. 22.

      9. Dalby Thomas, An historical account of the rise and growth of the W. I. Collonies and of the great advantages they are to England in respect to Trade (London, 1690), pp. 14, 21 f.

      10. J. C. Ballagh, “The Land System in the South,” in American Historical Associationciation Report, 1897, p. 109.

      11. H. A. Pressey, Water-Powers of the State of Maine; U. S. Geological Survey, 1902, p. 15.

      12. J. D. Whitney, The United States (Boston, 1889), p. 176.

      13. E. C. Semple, American History and its Geographic Conditions (Boston, 1903), p. 122.

      14. The Education of Henry Adams (Boston, 1918), pp. 7 ff.

      15. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, p. 618. Both Miss Semple and A. P. Brigham (Geographic Influences in American History, New York, 1903) lay their main stress on land-forms. For climatic influences, vide W. N. Lacy, “Some Climatic Influences in American History,” in Monthly Weather Review, vol. XXXVI, pp. 169 ff; Huntington, Civilization and Climate, ubi supra; and The Red Man’s Continent (Yale University Press, 1919).

      16. For the influence of the sea on subsidiary industries, vide M. Keir, “Some Influences of the Sea upon the Industries of New England,” American Geographical Review, vol. v, pp. 399 ff.

      17. Jean Brunhes, La géographie humaine (Paris, 1912), p. 6.

      18. In the Middle Ages there was apparently an additional volcanic island, known as Gunnbiörn’s Skerries, between Iceland and Greenland, destroyed by eruption in 1456. R. H. Major, Voyages of the Zeni (Hakluyt Society, 1873), pp. lxxiv ff.

      19. Lord Bryce, The Relations of the Advanced and Backward Races of Mankind (Romanes Lecture; Oxford, 1902), p. 40. He contrasts the failure of Christianity with the success of Islam in that regard.

      20. Gilbert Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic (Oxford, 1911), p. 54.

      21. F. W. Hodge, Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico (Bureau of American Ethnology, 1911, vol. i, pp. 578, 88, 286; L. Farrand, Basis of American History (New York, 1904), p. 265.

      22. G. Friederici, Skalpieren u. änliche Kriegsgebräuche in Amerika (Braunschweig, 1906), p. 106.

      23. G. E. Ellis, The Red Man and the White Man in America (Boston, 1882), p. 123.

      24. Farrand, Basis, p. 265; Roger Williams, A Key into the Languages of America (Narragansett Club Publications, vol. i), p. 138.

      25. Hodge, Handbook, vol. i, p. 572.

      26. L. Carr, “The Food of certain American Indians and their Method of preparing it”; Proceedings American Antiquarian Society, New Series, vol. iiv, p. 156.

      27. L. H. Morgan, Ancient Society (London, 1877), pp. 71 ff.

      28. C. J. Ellis, The Red Man, pp. 207 ff.

      29. Hodge, Handbook, vol. i, p. 304.

      30. The phratry was a combination of two or more clans, forming a larger exogamous group, and originating, perhaps, in the division of overgrown clans. Although it frequently had the power of veto over the election of clan sachems and chiefs, its functions were social rather than political. In ball games, phratry played against phratry, while at funerals and other ceremonies the organization appears clearly. There was no chief or head.

      31. Clark Wissler, The American Indian (New York, 1917), p. 152.

      32. Morgan, Ancient Society, pp. 112. ff.

      33. Williams,