13 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/article-15-no-title.html
14 14. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2017/07/17/making-sense-of-shareholder-value-the-worlds-dumbest-idea/#f42dc252a7ed
15 15. https://www.newsweek.com/business-roundtable-corporation-purpose-friedman-doctrine-1455975
16 16. https://www.businessinsider.com/jack-welch-the-former-ceo-of-general-electric-has-died-2020-3
17 17. http://www.irle.berkeley.edu/files/2005/Shareholder-Value-and-Changes-in-American-Industries-1984-2000.pdf
18 18. https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/wage-stagnation-in-america
19 19. https://www.businessinsider.com/30-year-sp-500-returns-impressive-2016-5
20 20. https://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?id=1404
21 21. https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/why_compassion_in_business_makes_sense
22 22. https://qz.com/627435/corporate-attempts-to-quantify-empathy-show-just-how-little-companies-value-it/
23 23. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/236366/right-culture-not-employee-satisfaction.aspx
24 24. https://www.carnegie.org/about/our-history/gospelofwealth/
25 25. https://www.history.com/shows/men-who-built-america
26 26. https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/9/5/20849632/uber-public-relations-crisis-qanda
27 27. https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/06/tech/uber-stock-lockup/index.html
28 28. https://www.npr.org/2016/10/04/496508361/former-wells-fargo-employees-describe-toxic-sales-culture-even-at-hq
29 29. https://money.cnn.com/2016/09/26/investing/wells-fargo-stock-fake-account-scandal/index.html
30 30. https://www.google.com/search?q=wells+fargo+stock+price&rlz=1C1LENN_enUS539US542&oq=wells+fargo+stock+price&aqs=chrome¨69i57j69i59j0l6.7198j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
31 31. Schultz, Howard. Pour Your Heart into It (New York: Hachette, 1997).
32 32. https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/starbucks-manager-called-cops-minutes-black-men-arrive-article-1.3942931
33 33. https://www.businessinsider.com/starbucks-ceo-apology-black-men-arrested-viral-video-2018-4
34 34. https://time.com/5294343/starbucks-employees-racial-bias-training/
35 35. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/05/26/starbucks-racial-bias-training-costly/642844002/
Chapter 2 Uncomfortable, but Necessary Connecting Racial History to Racial Injustice in Corporate Structures
When people on management teams plan and strategize to provide a good or service, they discuss expectations for the future while also examining the lessons of the past. They want to understand what led up to the present moment in the marketplace or how they built a certain reputation in a specific region or within the industry. They talk about what the marketplace expects of the brand and how they can improve marketplace engagement.
Unfortunately, when examining the relationships among groups of people who make up their organizations, they often don't take that same analytical approach. They don't, for example, probe past injustices to learn what went wrong and how they might create more equitable outcomes today. They don't explore what led to the massive levels of distrust within certain demographics toward corporate culture. In particular, an honest investigation into the history of “working-while-Black” makes corporate America deeply uncomfortable.