15. Robin Wright, ed., The Iran Primer: Power Politics, and U.S. Policy (2010), p. 70.
16. Seth G. Jones, “War by Proxy: Iran’s Growing Footprint in the Middle East,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 11, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y2j5xn3y.
17. David Ottoway, “Saudi Arabia Yemeni Quagmire,” Wilson Center, Dec. 15, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/y45qvtac.
18. Iran Action Group, “Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran’s Destructive Activities,” U.S. Department of State, Sept. 25, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y57ssy88.
19. Mohammed Tawfeeq, “Iraq protests death toll rises to 319 with nearly 15,000 injured,” CNN, Nov. 10, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y3hnjd37.
20. Hanin Ghaddar, “Iran is Losing the Middle East, Protests in Lebanon and Iraq Show,” Foreign Policy, Oct. 22, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yyybhnvy.
21. Benjamin Netanyahu, Twitter post, Aug. 24, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y5slk6kh.
22. Brendan Cole, “Mike Pompeo says Iran must listen to U.S. ‘if they want their people to eat,” Newsweek, Nov. 9, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/yb84zjvx.
23. Sune Engel Rasmussen, “Iran’s top diplomat warns of ‘all-out war’ if his country is attacked,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 19, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yysjkqlz.
24. Sabahat Khan, “What are Washington’s options for a military faceoff with Iran?” The Arab Weekly, Oct. 6, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yya7nr4t.
25. Robin Wright, In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (1989), p. 22.
26. Janet Afary, Khosrow Mostofi and Peter William Avery, “Iran,” Encyclopedia Britannica, Oct. 30, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yypl9pt3.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. “Iran During World War II,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, undated, https://tinyurl.com/y3gcbh6k.
31. Ibid.
32. Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (2003).
33. Gregory F. Rose, “The Shah’s Secret Police Are Here,” CIA.gov, Sept. 18, 1978, https://tinyurl.com/y4cb545c.
34. Jeb Sharp, “The US and Iran, part II: the Shah and the revolution,” Public Radio International, Oct. 26, 2004, https://tinyurl.com/y35fgx59.
35. Ibid.
36. Wright, In the Name of God, op. cit.
37. Sharp, op. cit.
38. Dan Geist, “A Darker Horizon: The Assassination of Shapour Bakhtiar,” PBS Frontline, Aug. 6, 2011, https://tinyurl.com/y3dp4le5.
39. “Ruhollah Khomeini,” New World Encyclopedia, Aug. 31, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y58s2t58.
40. Geist, op. cit.
41. “Iran hostage rescue mission ends in disaster,” History.com, updated July 28, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y5k572dy; Kate Hewitt and Richard Nephew, “How the Iran hostage crisis shaped the US approach to sanctions,” The Brookings Institution, March 12, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/ydtuoh6u.
42. Ibid.; Roland Matthews et al., “The Iran-Contra Affair,” Encyclopedia Britannica, Feb. 7, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yybd44ks.
43. Alex Chadwick and Mike Shuster, “U.S. Links to Saddam During the Iraq-Iran War,” NPR, Sept. 22, 2005, https://tinyurl.com/y5rblfga; “Iraq-Iran War—The Tanker War, 1984-87,” GlobalSecurity.org, undated, https://tinyurl.com/y5cp5tjm; and Stephen Andrew Kelley, “Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy,” Naval Postgraduate School, June 2007, https://tinyurl.com/y5nzgn3t.
44. Ibid.
45. Wright, “The Challenge of Iran,” in The Iran Primer, op. cit.
46. Barbara Slavin, “Iran helped overthrow Taliban, candidate says,” USA Today, June 9, 2005, https://tinyurl.com/y2kojl7o.
47. James Dobbins, “Engaging Iran,” in Wright, The Iran Primer, op. cit., p. 203.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ronen Bergman and Mark Mazzetti, “The Secret History of the Push to Strike Iran,” The New York Times Magazine, Sept. 6, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y3b855hk.
51. Paul Reynolds, “Obama offers Iran ‘new beginning,’ ” BBC, March 20, 2009, https://tinyurl.com/ch4n7r.
52. Bergman and Mazzetti, op. cit.
53. Ibid.
54. Rick Gladstone, “Iran’s New President Preaches Tolerance in First U.N. Appearance,” The New York Times, Sept. 24, 2013, https://tinyurl.com/yxwy2qss.
55. Julian Borger, “Breakthrough hailed as US and Iran sit down for nuclear deal discussion,” The Guardian, Sept. 26, 2013, https://tinyurl.com/y2jl4yeo.
56. “Iran deal set to become international law,” CBS News, July 17, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/yye3lre5.
57. Rebecca Kheel, “Trump removes sanctions waivers on countries buying oil from Iran,” The Hill, April 22, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y6mv8qvp.
58. Ibid.
59. Parisa Hafezi, “Iran further distances itself from 2015 deal by fueling Fordow centrifuges,” Reuters, Nov. 5, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y36zha4r; David E. Sanger and Richard Perez-Pena, “Iran Adds Advanced Centrifuges, Further Weakening Nuclear Deal,” The New York Times, Nov. 4, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y58o2ylo.
60. Colin P. Clark and Ariane M. Tabatabai, “Withdrawing From Syria Leaves a Vacuum That Iran Will Fill,” Foreign Affairs, Jan. 8, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yadqbxu7.
61. Peter Baker and Catie Edmondson, “Trump Lashes Out on Syria as Republicans Rebuke Him in House Vote,” The New York Times, Oct. 16, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y566t2f6.
62. Bozorgmehr Sharafedin, “Iran says it refrained from shooting down U.S. plane with 35 on board: Tasnim news,” Reuters, June 21, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y6n37d5w.
63. Idrees Ali and Phil Stuart, “Exclusive: U.S. carried out secret cyber strike on Iran in wake of Saudi oil attack: officials,” Reuters, Oct. 16, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y6pj5wwe.
64. Tom O’Connor, “Iran said another ‘state’ was behind a missile attack on its oil tanker,” Newsweek, Oct. 15, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yy6dtmvf.
65. Imad K. Harb, “Saudi Arabia and Iran may finally be ready for rapprochement,” Al-Jazeera, Oct. 16, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y4cybe9z.
66. Farnaz Fassihi and Ben Hubbard, “Saudi Arabia and Iran Make Quiet Openings to Head Off War,” The New York Times, Oct. 4, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y4e6raxo.
67. Norah O’Donnell, “Mohammad bin Salman denies ordering Khashoggi murder, but says he takes responsibility for it,” “60 Minutes,” CBS, Sept. 29, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y3cpj73x.
68. Reuters, “Yemen’s Government Signs Peace Deal With Southern Rebels,” The New York Times, Nov. 6, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y5fgquur.
69. Saeid Jafari, “Have Iran, US slammed door on nuclear negotiations?” Al-Monitor, Oct. 7, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y3bmdyhz.
70.