5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Color variation and patterns of Hapalochlaena spp. chromatophores...Figure 5.2 External anatomy of cephalopods. (a) Nautilus. c, cirri; e, eye; ...Figure 5.3 Decapodiforme, cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) photograph showing ...Figure 5.4 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) with sessile, radia...Figure 5.5 Cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) showing the mantle (M), eye (E), arms (A),...Figure 5.6 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) beak in situ (backg...Figure 5.7 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), the mantle of whic...Figure 5.8 Excretory organs of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.9 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) circulatory system....Figure 5.10 Formalin‐fixed cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), the mantle of whi...Figure 5.11 (a) Necropsy of a common cuttlefish (Sepia officianalis). Portio...Figure 5.12 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). (a) Hectocotylus ...Figure 5.13 Mantle incision of a Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.14 (a) Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The cuttlebone attached to m...Figure 5.15 Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) mantle. Columnar epithelial cells...Figure 5.16 Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) skin showing melanophores and iri...Figure 5.17 Arm of giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). Note that ...Figure 5.18 Section through a sucker on the arm of a cuttlefish (Sepia offic...Figure 5.19 Section through the buccal mass of a giant Pacific octopus (Ente...Figure 5.20 Radula bearing chitinous teeth in a chambered nautilus (Nautilus...Figure 5.21 Types of salivary gland from giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus...Figure 5.22 Esophagus of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfeffer...Figure 5.23 Cecum of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). The mu...Figure 5.24 Intestine of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). Th...Figure 5.25 Digestive gland of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.26 Atrophic digestive gland of a senescent giant Pacific octopus (E...Figure 5.27 Ink sac complex of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia p...Figure 5.28 Renal appendages of giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleiniFigure 5.29 Renal appendage of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.30 Pancreatic appendages of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metas...Figure 5.31 Systemic heart (i.e., cardiac muscle) of a northern flamboyant c...Figure 5.32 Branchial heart (BH) and branchial appendage (BA) of a giant Pac...Figure 5.33 Branchial appendage of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dof...Figure 5.34 Aorta of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfefferi). ...Figure 5.35 Hemolymph from a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) w...Figure 5.36 Body wall of a common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) with interstiti...Figure 5.37 White body of a common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The white...Figure 5.38 Branchial gland and gills of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctop...Figure 5.39 Gills of a chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius) (a) and a gia...Figure 5.40 Branchial gland of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia p...Figure 5.41 Brain of an unspecified cephalopod revealing the brain surroundi...Figure 5.42 Brain of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). The op...Figure 5.43 Central nervous system of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Meta...Figure 5.44 Peripheral nerve of a chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius). P...Figure 5.45 Saccular ovary of a common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) on wet mou...Figure 5.46 Mature follicle of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.47 Oviduct of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) has d...Figure 5.48 Oviductal gland of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.49 Paired nidamental gland in a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Met...Figure 5.50 Male gonad in a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfeffe...Figure 5.51 Vas deferens of a two‐spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides) is lin...Figure 5.52 Male gonad in a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfeffe...Figure 5.53 Spermatophoric glands I and II of a two‐spot octopus (Octopus bi...Figure 5.54 Spermatophoric glands II with glandular parenchyma with basal nu...Figure 5.55 Needham's sac of a two‐spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides) conta...Figure 5.56 Anterior portion of the eye of a common cuttlefish (Sepia offici...Figure 5.57 Anterior portion of the eye of a common cuttlefish (Sepia offici...Figure 5.58 Retina of a common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The distal la...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 D‐shaped eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) larvae.Figure 6.2 Early Prodissoconch II (umbo) stage of the eastern oyster. a, sto...Figure 6.3 Pediveligers of hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). Arrows indica...Figure 6.4 Diagram of a pediveliger of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edul...Figure 6.5 A hard clam with labeled directions. a, dorsal; b, posterior; c, ...Figure 6.6 Fixed, shucked hard clam (left demibranchs and a portion of the v...Figure 6.7 Diagram of an Atlantic surf clam (Spicula solidissima) with left ...Figure 6.8 Diagram illustrating the direction of water flow from the mantle ...Figure 6.9 Intact eastern oyster. a, anterior (ligament); b, dorsal.Figure 6.10 Shucked eastern oyster. a, digestive gland; b, pericardial sac w...Figure 6.11 Diagram of an oyster showing the opening of the gill's water tub...Figure 6.12 Shucked Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus), fixed i...Figure 6.13 Diagram of a pink scallop (Chlamys hastata) with left valve and ...Figure 6.14 Pallial mantle (membranous mantle) of the central zone. a, shell...Figure 6.15 Mantle edge of an eastern oyster showing three lobes. a, periost...Figure 6.16 Mantle edges of a hard clam. a, lobe 1 (outer lobe); b, periostr...Figure 6.17 Mantle edge of a hard clam. a, periostracal fold; b, periostracu...Figure 6.18 Sagittal section through a juvenile hard clam. a, gastric shield...Figure 6.19 Section of a hard clam. a, style in the style sac; b, intestinal...Figure 6.20 Section of a hard clam showing the typhlosole in the descending ...Figure 6.21 Diagram of the digestive system of an eastern oyster. an, anus; ...Figure 6.22 Section of a hard clam. a, rectum surrounded by the ventricle of...Figure 6.23 Section of a hard clam. a, type I cells of the digestive gland d...Figure 6.24 Section of the digestive gland from an Atlantic sea scallop (Pla...Figure 6.25 Section through the body wall of a giant clam with numerous zoox...Figure 6.26 Section of a demibranch from a hard clam. a, water tubule; b, in...Figure 6.27 Section of a plica from a hard clam. a, ostia; b, collagenous ro...Figure 6.28 Section of a demibranch from a hard clam. Note the food groove (Figure 6.29 Section showing hemocytes in the connective tissues of a hard cl...Figure 6.30 Section of an eastern oyster showing an artery surrounded by ves...Figure 6.31 Section of a juvenile hard clam. a, lumen of the auricular (gree...Figure 6.32 Section of a hard clam showing kidney tubules surrounded by sinu...Figure 6.33 Section of a hard clam's gonadal tissue. a, developing oocyte; b...Figure 6.34 Section of a hard clam's pedal ganglia.Figure 6.35 Diagram of a scallop mantle eye.Figure 6.36 Mantle eyes of a bay scallop (Argopecten irradians).Figure 6.37 Section of a hard clam's foot. a, sinusoids of the foot; b, muco...Figure 6.38 Section of the foot of a juvenile hard clam. a, byssal gland; b,...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Lumbricus terrestris in anesthetized state. A, anus; CL, clitellu...Figure 7.2 (a) One dorsal cut is enough to reveal the internal organs of the...Figure 7.3 Dissected Lumbricus in water cover displaying the internal organs...Figure 7.4 Structure of body wall layers in different regions of Lumbricus. ...Figure 7.5 Morphology of epidermal cell types of Lumbricus after formalin an...Figure 7.6 Setae and setal sac of Lumbricus. (a) Setal arrangement: closely ...Figure 7.7 Organization of clitellar epidermis of Lumbricus. (a) Morphologic...Figure 7.8 Foregut with chromophil cells in parasagittal section (Bouin fixa...Figure 7.9 Histology of oral cavity. Oral cavity and its wall (Bouin fixatio...Figure 7.10 Histology of pharynx. (a) Pharyngeal wall and chromophil cells (...Figure 7.11 Morphology and position of esophagus and calciferous glands in s...Figure 7.12 Esophagus and calciferous gland of segment X. (a) Esophagus and ...Figure 7.13 Esophagus and calciferous glands of segment XI. (a) Esophagus wi...Figure 7.14 Esophagus and calciferous glands of segment XII. (a) Esophagus a...Figure 7.15 Histology of the crop (formalin fixation), 15× and 350× (inset)....Figure 7.16 Wall of the gizzard (formalin fixation), 40× and 600× (inset). B...Figure 7.17 Histology of the midgut wall. (a) Midgut and typhlosole in cross...Figure 7.18 Histology of the hindgut. Formalin fixation, 40× and 550× (inset...Figure 7.19