9 6 Equality Equality as ideal Factual and moral equality Equality between species Human exceptionalism Rights and equality Environmental rights Equality as equivalence: the issue of carbon offsets Carbon equivalence Offsets and equity in international carbon trading Equality and sufficiency: competing standards Alternatives to equality Sufficiency and sufficientarianism Inequality and the environment Conclusions: environmental imperatives and the equality ideal Notes
10 7 Agency and Responsibility Key concepts in agency and responsibility Agents and agency Moral and legal standing Ethical individualism and the environment Challenges to ethical individualism Collectivities, value and moral standing Individualism, collective responsibility and climate change Climate change, agency, and responsibility Threshold effects, harm and responsibility Fragmented agency and responsibility Uncertainty and responsibility Agents and levels of analysis: who should act? Non-state agents and responsibility for climate change Individual agents and remedies Holding persons responsible for climate change Transparency and responsibility-taking Collective responsibility Conclusions: agency and responsibility and the environmental crisis Notes
11 8 Community The ancient ideal of community Community in modern political thought On anthropocentrism Anthropocentrism and the environmental crisis From biotic to planetary community Human exceptionalism Cultivating planetary community National identity and environmental protection Nations and peoples as allies of environmental protection Nationality, territory, and environment Cosmopolitanism and the global community Ethical obligations and distant strangers Theorizing cosmopolitan and planetary membership Environmental citizenship and its associated virtues Global community and common heritage Conclusions: environment and the community ideal Notes
12 9 Sovereignty Sovereignty as principle and in practice Elements of sovereignty Sovereignty as foe? The debate over the Convention on Biological Diversity Strong sovereignty and isolationist anti-environmentalism Assessing Senate GOP sovereignty claims Dogmatic versus pragmatic sovereignty Trump and the sovereignty principle The Trump Doctrine Sovereignty and sustainability Greening sovereignty Progressive sovereignty Humanitarian intervention and the evolution of sovereignty Sovereignty and sustainability Reconstructing sovereignty Conclusions: sovereignty and the ecological crisis Notes