to SPS)
|
PL
|
photo luminescence
|
|
PLE
|
photo luminescent emission
|
|
PLED
|
power LED
|
|
PLZT
|
La containing PZT
|
|
PMN
|
plumb magnesium niobate
|
|
Po
|
porosity [vol%]
|
|
PoSD
|
pore size distribution
|
|
PS
|
pressureless (viz., at around 1 atm. of gas pressure) sintering
|
|
PSD
|
particle size distribution
|
|
PT
|
ceramic with composition located in the PbO–TiO2 system
|
|
PVDF
|
polyvinylidene fluoride
|
|
PW
|
power [W]
|
|
PZT
|
ceramic with composition located in the PbO–ZrO2–TiO2 system; main source of piezoceramics
|
|
R
|
gas constant
|
|
R
|
reflectance
|
|
RE +
|
rare-Earth cation
|
|
RIT
|
real in-line transmission
|
|
RT
|
room temperature
|
|
RTP
|
ready-to-press powder
|
|
S
|
scattered fraction of incident EMR beam intensity
|
|
SEM
|
scanning electron microscope
|
|
SIMS
|
secondary ions mass spectroscopy
|
|
SOX
|
solid oxides
|
|
SPS
|
spark-plasma sintering
|
|
STEM
|
scanning TEM
|
|
t
|
tetragonal
|
|
t
a
0
|
post-sintering annealing (mostly in air) temperature
|
|
t
f
|
melting (fusion) temperature
|
|
t
g
|
glass transition temperature
|
|
t
l
|
liquidus temperature (phase diagrams)
|
|
t
s
0
|
sintering temperature
|
|
T
|
transmittance (T% transmission percentage)
|
|
T%
|
transmission (in %) as a function of wavelength
|
|
TC
|
transparent ceramic
|
|
TD or ρ
|
theoretical density [g/cm3]
|
|
TEM
|
transmission mode electron microscope
|
|
TEOS
|
tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate
|
|
TFT
|
total forward transmission
|
|
TGC
|
transparent glass-ceramic
|
|
TGG
|
Terbium, Gadolinium garnet
|
|
TM+
|
transition element cation
|
|
TRS
|
transversal rupture strength
|
|
T-YAG (or other
|
transparent YAG
|
|
transparent ceramic
|
|
|
compound)
|
|
|
TZP
|
tetragonal zirconia polycrystals
|
|
UV
|
ultraviolet domain of the spectrum (10 to ∼380 nm)
|
|
VIS
|
segment of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum to which the human eye is sensitive (∼0.38 to ∼0.75 μm)
|
|
VS
|
sintering under vacuum
|
|
WLED
|
white light emitting LED
|
|
X
|
powder particle size
|
|
XRD
|
X-ray diffraction
|
|
YAG
|
Yttrium, Aluminum garnet
|
|
YSAG
|
scandium containing
|
|
[K−1]
|
thermal expansion coefficient [°C/K]
|
|
γ
|
surface tension [N/m]
|
|
Δ
|
small variation
|
|
ε
|
extinction coeff. [l/(mol cm)]
|
|
λ
|
wavelength [nm, μm]
|
|
λ
th
|
thermal conductivity [W/Km]
|
|
ν
|
frequency [Hz]
|
|
ν
-
|
wave number [cm−1]
|
|
τ
|
time
|
|
φ
|
phase of wave
|
1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of Transparent Ceramics: The Book's Rationale Topic and Aims
Ceramics constitute a relatively new family of optical materials belonging to a larger class of transparent solids; other members of this class are glasses, single crystals, and some organic polymers [G21].
Overall
