11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 ICC values for reliability of items in the PAQLQ.Table 12.2 The possible outcomes for a single observer reviewing the same mat...Table 12.3 Guideline values of κ to indicate the strength of agreement.Table 12.4 Pathologist agreement resulting from independent reviews of the sa...Table 12.5 FEV1 (litres) for four patients measured on two occasions.Table 12.6 Responses to three questions and total score for four subjects.Table 12.7 Radiologist agreement resulting from independent reviews of the sa...Table 12.8 Responses to six questions on being safe careful and total score f...Table 12.9 Central lung distance (CLD), in mm, measured on two occasions by a sin...
12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Notation and results of themulti‐parametric magnetic resonance ima...Table 13.2 Four measures used to summarise the performance of a diagnostic te...Table 13.3 Predicted effect on MRI scan results for a prevalence of abnormali...Table 13.4 Comparison of diagnostic test summary measures of the accuracy of ...Table 13.5 Ninety‐five percent confidence intervals for the MRI scan data.Table 13.6 Example of acreening tests with (a) 100% sensitivity and (b) with ...Table 13.7 Results of completing the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale amo...Table 13.8 Number of subjects above and below 10 on the EPDS by true diagnosi...Table 13.9 Results of new blood test for diagnosis of bowel cancer in a sampl...
13 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Number of deaths from prostate cancer in males and breast cancer i...Table 14.2 Calculation of the indirect age standardised mortality ratio for p...Table 14.3 Survival pre‐ and post‐availability of a CT scan.Table 14.4 Notation for a cohort study.Table 14.5 Results of a slate workers study.Table 14.6 Notation for an unmatched case–control study.Table 14.7 Results from a case–control study on glioma and mobile phone use.Table 14.8 Notation for a matched case–control study.Table 14.9 Results of matched case control study to investigate the possible ...Table 14.10 A hypothetical illustration of Simpson's paradox.Table 14.11 Mortality in relation to smoking – 20 years' observations on male...Table 14.12 Results from a case–control study on lung cancer and smoking.Table 14.13 Results of matched case control study to investigate the possible...
14 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Phases of pharmaceutical clinical trials.
15 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Sample sizen per group for the comparison of two anticipated or pl...Table 16.2 Sample size N required to estimate the anticipated prevalence (πPlan) ...Table 16.3 Flat rules of thumb for external pilot trial sample sizes (for a t...Table 16.4 Table ofZ values from the Normal distribution for various α a...
16 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Mean SF‐36 pain scores over time by treatment group with all valid...Table 17.2 Mean SF‐36 pain scores over time by treatment group with patients ...Table 17.3 Response features suggested in Matthews et al. (1990).Table 17.4 Unadjusted and adjusted differences in mean follow‐up SF‐36 pain o...Table 17.5 Poisson regression of the number of exacerbations treated with IV ...Table 17.6 Missing data pattern from the low back pain trial.Table 17.7 Baseline characteristics of patients by treatment group.Table 17.8 Baseline characteristics of all randomised patients (N = 239) by t...Table 17.9 Observed and imputed Prolapse and Incontinence Sexual function Ques...Table 17.10 Distance walked, in metres, on asix‐minute walking test (6M...Table 17.11 Bootstrap 95% confidence intervals for the mean difference in dis...
17 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Mobile phone based interventions for smoking cessation.Table 18.2 Output from meta‐analysis programme.Table 18.3 Comparison of MI versus no treatment with an outcome of smoking ce...
18 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Method of delivery of births at NHS hospitals in England in 2016 a...Table 19.2 Summary statistics for SF‐36 Mental Health dimension score at six ...Table 19.3 Mean SPADI scores over time by randomised treatment group from the...Table 19.4 Mean SPADI scores over time by randomised treatment group from the...Table 19.5 Birthweight and one‐month weight of 10 infants.Table 19.6 Mean distance walked pre, post, and change by treatment group in t...Table 19.7 Mean change in distance walked by treatment group in the GymBunny ...Table 19.8 Comparison of new joint failure rate at two years by type of joint...Table 19.9 Paired comparison of new joint failure rate at two years by type o...Table 19.10 Prevalence of obesity in adults aged 16 and over, with a valid he...
19 AppendixTable T1 The Standard Normal distribution. The value tabulated is the probabilit...Table T2 Student t‐distribution. The value tabulated is tα such that if X i...Table T3 The χ2 distribution. The value tabulated is χ2(α), such that if X is di...Table T4 F‐distribution. The value tabulated is F(α, ν1,ν2) such that if X ...Table T5 Random numbers table.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Graphical representation of how confounding variables may influen...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Broad classification of the different types of data with examples...Figure 2.2 Bar chart showing where 202 patients with corns were treatedFigure 2.3 Pie chart showing where 202 patients with foot corns were treated...Figure 2.4 Clustered bar chart showing where 202 patients with foot corns we...Figure 2.5 Dot plot showing corn size (in mm) by randomised treatment group ...Figure 2.6 Histogram of baseline index corn size (in mm) for 200 patients wi...Figure 2.7 Box and whisker plot of size of corn at baseline (in mm) by rando...Figure 2.8 Scatter plot of baseline corn size by corn size at a three month ...Figure 2.9 Examples of two skewed distributions.Figure 2.10 Total steps per day for 100 days for one participant in a global...Figure 2.11 Anatomical site of corn on the foot by randomised group for 201 ...
3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Three types of probability.Figure 4.2 Crude mortality rates in the United Kingdom from 1982 to 2016....Figure 4.3 Examples of probability distributions. (a) Probability distributi...Figure 4.4 Binomial distribution for π = 0.25 and various values of n. The h...Figure 4.5 Poisson distribution for various values of λ. The horizontal scal...Figure 4.6 Relative frequency of IV treated exacerbations in 60 patients wit...Figure 4.7 Empirical relative frequency distributions of birth weight of 98 ...Figure 4.8 Empirical relative frequency distributions of birthweight with in...Figure 4.9 Distribution of birthweight in 3226 new‐born babies.Figure 4.10 The Normal probability distribution.Figure 4.11 Probability distribution functions of the Normal distributions w...Figure