THE EARLY LANDSCAPE
During glaciation, land south of the ice sheet would have been bare tundra, cold, with sparse vegetation and probably few animals (Yalden, 1999), and certainly few that are still found in Britain today. It is difficult to imagine what Scilly was like at the time of the earliest human visitors, who were probably Mesolithic hunter-gatherers who left only a few flints as evidence of their passing. We have already seen that the islands would have been a considerably larger landmass than the present-day scatter of islands. Much of the land was covered in birch woodland, sparse grassland and marshy land with sedges. These conditions of the Mesolithic period persisted across southern Britain, then part of Continental Europe, and most of the steppe species that were present then have either died out or retreated to more northerly areas. During the Neolithic period people may have started to settle in Scilly and begun clearing the land, but pollen evidence shows some forest clearance was followed by woodland regeneration and agricultural decline. There are a few artefacts from this time, but it is likely these were only temporary occupations (Ratcliffe & Johns, 2003).
EARLY MAMMALS AND OTHER FAUNA
Very few remains of the early fauna of the islands have been found, but one small rodent, the root or Pallas’s vole Microtus oeconomus (very similar to our field vole M. agrestis) was present, as was the red deer Cervus elaphus, and both were still present in Scilly in the Bronze Age.
Modern Scilly is poor in mammal species, and the written records are sparse. Bones found in the Iron Age sections of the excavations on Nornour included Scilly shrew, wood mouse or long-tailed field mouse Apodemus sylvaticus and root vole. The first two are still extant in Scilly, but the root vole is believed to have become extinct at some later period, no remains having been found after Romano-British times (Turk, 1984; Ratcliffe & Straker, 1996). Root voles are no longer found in Britain although there are isolated (relict) populations still in the Netherlands, Scandinavia and eastern Europe (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999). In late summer 1978 my daughter and I found a vole mandible and two molars in storm debris on the boulder beach below the Porth Killier Bronze Age midden, along with scraps of bone and shards of coarse pottery. These were sent to the Natural History Museum, where the vole remains were identified as root vole (Gordon Corbet, in litt.). Later, in 1982, I had the opportunity to go to Hungary and was able to visit root vole habitat near Lake Kolon, in Kiskunsági National Park. This is an area of rough grassland and Phragmites swamp, which would seem to be typical habitat of the vole. An interesting note by Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999) is that root voles migrate from wetland to dunes or drier habitats in winter, and even into houses.
Other animal remains that have been found from archaeological sites include seals, various cetaceans, red deer, toad Bufo bufo (an amphibian no longer native in Scilly), as well as numerous fish and bird species and domestic horse, ox and sheep, all from Bronze Age sites. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus, seals, cetaceans and domestic animals have been recorded from Iron Age/Romano-British sites. At coastal sites seals, small cetaceans and fish were clearly an important part of the diet of the human inhabitants. Although not listed among the remains of fish and molluscs that have been recorded, the boulder beaches and rock pools can support several species of easily caught edible fish, for example rocklings, the larger gobies and grey mullet Chelon sp. Today the large freshwater pools on the islands also contain very large eels Anguilla anguilla, and these may also have been present in the past.
Further discussion on the early mammal fauna is included in Chapter 15, and prehistoric and historical records of birds are discussed in Chapter 16.
THE EARLY HABITATS
Of particular interest is Thomas’s (1985) description of the reconstructed palaeoenvironment of the early Scillonian landscape and the mapping of four main types of habitat. Some of the evidence for this he based on the pollen records, which unfortunately were limited to the few peat deposits and archaeological digs, and also on the distribution of some significant plants in Lousley’s Flora (1971). The four habitat types he described were stream-drained marsh, woodland, sand dune and open ground (including heath).
There are still marshlands in Scilly today, although they are nowhere near their former extent. Some of the land now under the sand flats between the islands could have been low-lying and boggy, but all that remains now are small wetlands at Higher Moors, Holy Vale and Lower Moors on St Mary’s, now much contracted in area. Even as recently as the 1960s there were wet fields from near Porthloo Pool and Rose Hill through to Lower Moors with yellow iris Iris pseudacorus, lesser water plantain Baldellia ranunculoides and hemlock water-dropwort Oenanthe crocata. Although these areas are still there they are now much drier and less species-rich. Another similar wetland area is now flooded and forms the Great Pool on Tresco. All the other streams and marshy areas are now lost under the sea, but some can still be traced from the geological record. Between Teän and St Martin’s is the deep channel of Teän Sound, which probably marks the route of a prehistoric stream.
One of the most interesting theories propounded by Thomas is his mapping of the ancient woodland cover on the islands by looking at the distribution of woodland species in Lousley’s Flora. From the pollen samples analysed by Dimbleby (1977) from Innisidgen and by Scaife (1984) from Higher and Lower Moors it would seem that Scilly was once covered in woodland. This woodland consisted of oak Quercus robur and birch Betula spp. with an understorey of hazel Corylus avellana and alder Alnus glutinosa (probably where there were wetter areas). Pollen evidence also included some ash Fraxinus excelsior and traces of yew Taxus baccata, and later hornbeam Carpinus betulus and elm Ulmus sp. Virtually nothing of this woodland is evident today, but support for the pollen evidence and what it tells us about former woodland distribution can be extrapolated from the present-day distribution of plants (known as ancient woodland indicators) that have strong ancient woodland associations, for example wood spurge Euphorbia amygdaloides and wood dock Rumex sanguineus (Kirby, 2004). In his Flora of the Isles of Scilly Lousley (1971) comments on a number of these woodland plants that were growing in non-woodland habitats. These fall in very neatly with the pattern of woodland 2000 years ago, as demonstrated by Thomas (Fig. 12).
Since 1971 additional plant records have reinforced the pattern. So it is possible to visualise the kind of woodland that may have grown on the islands at the time, possibly similar to the present-day Wistman’s Wood on Dartmoor, with stunted, twisted trees, wind-pruned into shape and only able to reach any reasonable height where they are sheltered in the hollows between the hills – as happens with the elms in Holy Vale today. The ground cover may have been open, with many of the species that still exist in Scilly. The trees and exposed rocks would also have supported luxuriant ferns and bryophytes. Other evidence of the ancient woodlands that existed on Scilly are the numbers of buried tree trunks that have been found on Tresco in the past, and the few oak Quercus sp. trees and woodland plants in the area still known as Tresco Wood. There are also records of submerged tree trunks on St Mary’s and, more reliably, St Martin’s.
FIG 12. The present distribution of AWI (ancient woodland indicator) plants may indicate where woodland existed before the submergence. (Updated since Thomas, 1985)
The work carried out between 1989 and 1993 by the Cornwall Archaeological Unit (Ratcliffe & Straker, 1996) on a number of cliff-face and intertidal deposits also provided exciting additional evidence for the deciduous Mesolithic/Neolithic forests. In addition, the CAU found further evidence that these forests were being replaced by heathland, grassland and cultivated plants by the Late Iron Age, as people began to have an impact on the land.
The other main habitats, sand dunes and heathlands, are still present. Many of the dunes have been flattened and have become vegetated with grassland and scrub,