The student who takes to heart the injunctions and advice of this book should not expect to find all doors magically opening before him. Studying is hard and remains hard; but learning to study well makes the effort pleasant, just as learning to ski well, though skiing. continues to tire the muscles and strain the nerves, makes both sidestepping up a slope and schussing downhill enjoyable experiences. The students who have learned to enjoy study because they know how to do it well are prepared in the best sense of all for work in college and for life. Whatever helps them to learn how to study well is, therefore, an important contribution to their liberal education.
HAROLD C. MARTIN
former Director of General Education Harvard University
As a busily growing animal, I am scatterbrained and entirely lacking in mental application. Having no desire at present to expend my precious energies upon the pursuit of knowledge, I shall not make the slightest attempt to assist you in your attempts to impart it. If you can capture my unwilling attention and goad me by stern measures into the requisite activity, I shall dislike you intensely, but I shall respect you. If you fail, I shall regard you with the contempt you deserve, and probably do my best, in a jolly, high-spirited way, to make your life a hell upon earth. And what could be fairer than that?
IAN HAY, The House Master
Introduction
Before the gates of excellence, the high gods have placed sweat. – Work and Days, HESIOD
Those who seek miracles or panaceas to replace work should stop here. The basic skills of study cannot be taught. They can only be made available and demonstrated. They can be learned, and the degree to which they are learned and successfully used depends entirely upon the intellectual avidity and motivation of the learner.
How to study is one of the most important things you can learn while you are still young and your mind is still pliable. Learning how to study involves putting away the habits and ideas that have made study unpleasant and burdensome, and taking on habits and ideas that make study a really constructive and dedicated force aimed at the ultimate fulfillment of the talents which separate man from “the beasts of the field.” The importance of learning how to study is not a seasonal topic that can be forgotten when you have finished school and college. Now the school lessons require study. After school you will spend the rest of your life studying legal briefs, produce-purchase charts, building plans, business contracts, medical case histories, court decisions, how to improve one’s service to God and community, and many, many other things. The detailed facts of algebra, history, and the Architectural Manual may be forgotten. What you will have left of your education will be the ability to analyze and solve problems, whether these problems be on a draftsman’s board or within the recesses of your own soul. If you have learned how to study, you stand a fair chance of escaping the world of half-truths and misapplication, and enjoying to a degree the fulfillment of your talents.
What is study? Study is, above everything else, hard work. It has always been hard work, and there are no indications at present which hint that science is going to accomplish a vitamin-capsule method of learning that will eliminate study. Study is the total of all the habits, determined purposes, and enforced practices that the individual uses in order to learn. People have objected to study for a long time. The story is told of an Egyptian prince who went to the library at Alexandria to learn geometry from Ptolemy, the great mathematician. The prince explained to Ptolemy that he had only a little time between hunting and military activities to devote to study so he wanted to learn geometry very quickly and very easily. Ptolemy sent him away with the statement: “There are many royal roads, but there is no royal road to learning.” The statement is still true. The road to learning is study, and it is a hard, steep, rough road. It takes longer to learn fifty Latin words than it takes to dig a ditch one foot deep, one foot wide, and fifty feet long. There was a college professor in Pittsburgh who spent his summers working as a section laborer on a railroad in northern Michigan, because it was a restful business to lift railroad ties after a year’s hard study. Yes, study is hard work.
In one of his many addresses to students as teacher of medicine and missionary for the improvement of teaching methods in medicine, Dr. William Osler, called by many the greatest teacher of medicine since Hippocrates, left behind him a famous speech entitled The Master-Word in Medicine. The master-word in all study—medicine, music, or economics—is the same word.
“The master-word;’ said Dr. Osler, “I purpose to give you in the hope, yes, the full assurance, that some of you will at least lay hold upon it to your profit. Though a little one, the master-word looms large in meaning. It is the open sesame to every portal, the great equalizer in the world, the true philosopher’s stone which transmutes all the base metal of humanity into gold. The stupid person among you it will make bright, the bright person brilliant, and the brilliant student steady. With the magic word in your heart all things are possible, and without it all study is vanity and vexation. . . . Not only has it been the touchstone of progress, but it is the measure of success in everyday life. . . . And the master-word is work, a little one, as I have said, but fraught with momentous consequences if you but write it on the tables of your heart, and bind it upon your forehead.”1
The time and effort put into study is awesome to look upon. There is a tendency to hide the real task by bringing out only little pieces of the whole picture at a time. We talk about only eight years of study in elementary school, then four years in secondary school, and then show the last piece of the picture as the rosy horizon of four years of college. There is an attempt to further disguise the bigness of the work of study by emphasizing vacations. There is good reason for all this. Since, however, the theme of this writing will be concerned only with the habits and practices of work that make up study, the picture as a whole will be put before you.
Approximately one-third of your life will be spent in school, either accomplishing the hard job of study, or being exposed as a slave to it, lashed always by the lack of accomplishment. Most of you have spent 10,000 hours of study time in elementary school. The school year is 180 days. The work time of the school day averages six hours. In eight years you have spent 8640 hours. It must be assumed that an average of at least one hour’s outside study was required each day, thus 1440 hours. The total number equals 10,080. How many hours were spent in the development of habits and practices that constitute good study habits?
If you had started with a saw, hammer, square, and level 10,080 hours ago, would you not be a master builder now? You would long ago have learned how to use your tools efficiently. You would have built three complete houses in 10,080 hours. Working alone, it requires between 3000 and 4000 hours to build the average size house. Have you given any thought to using successfully the tools of study?
The amount of school workday and study time spent in secondary school comprises about 6000 hours. There are four school years of 180 days each. The school workday is six hours. A minimum of at least two hours is spent in study over and above the workday, 4320 hours are spent in school, and 1440 hours in outside study, making a total of 5760 hours—or approximately 6000 hours. How many of these hours are spent trying to understand and realize the value of the tools of study?
The regular college course of four years requires about 6000 hours of study time. The working year is about 180 days. About three hours per day are spent in class. A minimum of five hours a day is needed for outside study. Therefore, 2160 hours are spent in the classroom, and a minimum of 3600 hours of outside study. Hence, the 6000 hours. What percentage of this time is spent developing