29 A. Bavelas, Some Problems of Organizational Change, Journal of Social Issues, 1948, 4, pp. 48–52.
30 Ch. Argyris, Some Problems in Conceptualizing Organizational Climate: A Case Study of a Bank, Administrative Science Quarterly, Mar. 1958, 2 (4), pp. 501–520.
31 W. Oberg, Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Management Principles, The Academy of Management Journal, Jun. 1963, 6(2), pp. 129–143; E.T. Hall, W.F. Whyte, Intercultural Communication: A Guide to Men of Action, Human Organization, pp. 5–12.
32 K.H. Roberts, On Looking at an Elephant: An Evaluation of Cross-Cultural Research Related to Organizations, Psychological Bulletin, Nov. 1970, 74 (5), pp. 327–350.
33 G. Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Newbury Park, Sage 1980.
34 F.E. Fiedler, M.R. Terence, T.C. Harry, The Culture Assimilator: An Approach to Cross-Cultural Training, Journal of Applied Psychology, April 1971, 55 (2); W.B. Gudykunst, M.R. Hammer, R.L. Wiseman, An Analysis of an Integrated Approach to Cross-Cultural Training, Analisis de un enfoque integral al entrenamineto transcultural, Une analyse d’une approche integree a l’environnement transculturel, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Summer 1977, 1(2), pp. 99–110.
35 H.F. Van Zandt, How to Negotiate in Japan, Harvard Business Review, Business School Publication, 1970.
36 G. Hofstede, The Usefulness of the ‘Organizational Culture’ Concept, Journal of Management Studies 1986, 23, pp. 253–257.
37 T.E. Deal, A.A. Kennedy, Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life, Penguin, Harmondsworth 1982; C.B. Handy, Understanding organizations, Penguin, London, 1999.
38 R. Selfridge, S. Sokolik, A Comprehensive View of Organizational Management, MSU Business Topics 1975, 23 (1), s. 46–61; W.L. French, C.H. Bell, Organization Development, Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1979.
39 G. Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Fontana, London 1994.
40 T.J. Peters, R.H. Waterman, In Search of Excellence, Harper and Row, New York 1982.
41 L. Smircich, Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis, Administrative Science Quarterly, September 1983, pp. 339–359; G. Morgan, Images of organization, updated edition, Sage, London, 2006.
42 L. Smircich, Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis, Administrative Science Quarterly, September 1983, pp. 339–359.
43 C. Ouellet, P. Cossette, Les travaux des chercheurs utilisant le concept de cognition en sciences de l’administration: une etude exploratoire, Actes de la 8 Conference Internationale de Management Strategique, Paris, 1999.
44 R.L. Daft, K.E. Weick, Toward a Model of Organizations as Interpretation Systems, ‘The Academy of Management, Apr. 1984, 9 (2), pp. 284–295.
45 G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, Trans. R. Hurley, 1972; M. Foucault, Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Vintage Books, New York, 1995.
46 P. Engholm, The Controversy between Modernist and Postmodernist Views of Management Science: Is a Synergy Possible?, Internet, Monash University, May 2001; D.M. Boje, R.P. Gephart Jr, T.J. Thatchenkery, Postmodern Management and Organization Theory, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 1996; M.K. Welge, D. Holtbrugge, International Management under Postmodern Conditions, Management International Review 1999, 39 (4), pp. 305–322; G. Burrell, R. Cooper, Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: An Introduction, Organization Studies 1998, 9 (1), pp. 91–112.
47 N. Chomsky on Post-Modernism, http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/chomsky-on-post-modernism.html (10.08.2012); A. Sokal, J. Bricmont, Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science, Prószyński i s-ka, Warsaw, 1998.
48 M. Reed, Reflections on the ‘Realist Turn’ in Organization and Management Studies, Journal of Management Studies 2005, 42, pp. 1621–1644.
49 G. Morgan, Images of Organization, updated edition, Sage, London, 2006.
50 H. Willmott, Strength Is Ignorance; Slavery Is Freedom: Managing Culture in Modern Organizations. Journal of Management Studies 1993, 30 (4), pp. 515–552.
51 M. Alvesson, H. Willmott, Making Sense of Management: A Critical Introduction, SAGE, 1996; D. Knights, H.C. Willmott, Organizational Culture as Management Strategy: A Critiąue and Illustration from the Financial Services Industry, International Studies of Management & Organization 1987, XVII, No. 3, pp. 40–63.J. Brewis, J. Gavin, Culture: Broadening the Critical Repertoire, [in:] The Oxford Handbook of Critical Management Studies, (editors) M. Alvesson, T. Bridgman, H. Willmott, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, pp. 234–235; A. Prasad, Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Engagement, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2003, p. 309.
←30 | 31→
2 Paradigm of functionalism in organizational culture
2.1 The functionalist understanding of culture in management
Functionalism was born from the spirit of sociology, anthropology and management sciences that were busy building their own identities in the early twentieth century. Spencer used the analogy between society and living organism, underlining the harmoniousness of collaboration and the significance of social order. E. Durkheim, considered the "father" of contemporary sociology, postulated a distinction between mechanistic and organic types of social solidarity.52. The former were seen as characteristic of primitive communities, while the latter - of modern industrial societies. The functionalist concept of culture was first used in the late 19th century, and spread thanks to