Bible translations have played an important role in the making of the American republic. The Revised Version of the King James Bible was completed in 1881. This was a revision of the New Testament. The Old Testament was not completed until 1885. The American Standard Bible had a number of obsolete words. American Revised Version was published in 1898 (Simms 1936). It was seen as a revision rather than a translation of the Bible (Grant 1961). The fundamentalist and modern controversy was seen now in a battle over Bible translations. J. W. Burgon, an Englishman, argued that the Revised Version had created uncertainty and doubt with millions of Christians (Thuesen 1999). The allegiance to the King James Version was reaffirmed. Those who translated the Revised Version would not affirm that the Bible was trustworthy in all of its teachings (Thuesen 1999). The question of the original autographs became the center of the debates in 19th and 20th century America. King James Version was revised in England in 1881-1895. The American Standard Bible also called the American Revised Version was published in 1898 (Simms 1936). It was not received well in America. The American Revised Standard Version was undertaken from 1945 to 1965 (Grant 1961). The Revised Version of the King James and the American Standard Bible (American Revised Version) shaped the world of English speaking Christians (Thuesen 1999). M. F. Unger argued that the Revised Standard Version was unreliable because the translators viewed translation to be a matter of linguistics not theology. The National Association of Evangelicals was formed in 1942. They wanted a new translation of the scriptures (Thuesen 1999). In 1953, the Evangelical Theological Society requested revision in the Revised Standard Version. Negotiations failed. In 1969, the National Association of Evangelicals and the Christian Reformed Church met in Illinois at Trinity College. It was concluded a new translation of the scriptures was needed. The new translation would be called the New International Version (Thuesen 1999). Some evangelical scholars take the limited inerrancy position because they fail to make an allowance for transcriptions of the manuscripts by those who copied them prior to the fourth century. It was during this time that manuscripts were copied by hand (Metzger 1968).
CHAPTER 3
THEOLOGY PROPER
3.1 The Spirituality of God
3.1.1 God is Spirit.
Charles Hodge’s (1975:1:378-379) presentation on the spirituality of God points to the fact that God can not be understood in terms of a material nature. Jesus said: “God is spirit and those worshipping” (present active participle- Han 1974:185) “Him must worship in spirit and in truth” (Dative of Means – dative case for both words spirit and truth). This is further explained by Jesus earlier in the context in 4:23. The gar (for clause) explains it: “The Father seeks such ones those worshipping Him” (Aland & Black 1966:334). Worship acceptable to the Father must be from the new nature (only those who have believed on Christ have the new nature as indicated by the word teknia-John 4:24, 1 John 2:1, 12, 28) and by means of the truth. True worship to God the Father must be through the Lord Jesus Christ by the power of the indwelling Holy Spirit. Jesus informed Nicodemus of two realms that which is born of the flesh and that which is born of the Spirit (John 3:6). That which is born of the flesh is the natural realm. That which is born of the spirit is the spiritual realm. That God is spirit is the eternal essence or being of the Father (John 4:23). Walvoord (1974:42) argues that this is an attribute of God. Erickson (2000:294) includes John 1:18, 1 Timothy 1:17, and 6:15-16 as applying to God’s invisibility. His invisibleness means that God is not perceived by our natural senses. The Lord Jesus exegeted (explained) the Father. “No one has seen God at any time only begotten God the one being in the bosom of the Father that one He himself has exegeted” (explained) [Him-brackets mine- Him is undertood] (John 1:18) [author’s translation] (Aland and Black 1968:322). The word begotten is the English translation of the Greek word “monogenes.” The meaning of this word has to do with the uniqueness of Jesus Christ. It has nothing to do with begotten in terms of origin. Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God. Yes, the doxology on the part of the apostle Paul is addressed to the king, Jesus Christ (I Tim. 1:17) (Locke 1973:17). Further, the apostle Paul writes: “I command you before God the one making alive all things and Christ Jesus the having testified before Pontius Pilate the good confession, you to keep the commandment without spot until the appearance of our Lord Jesus Christ, it will be shown the blessed and only Potentate, the King of the reigning kings and Lord of the lords, the only one having immortality, and dwelling in unapproachable light” (unapproachable is in 2nd attribute position of the adjective – the emphasis is on the adjective – unapproachable) “whom no man has seen nor able to see. To whom” [be] “honor and eternal might. Amen” (1 Tim. 6:13-16) [author’s translation]. Eternal is in the second attributive position of the adjective to the noun kratos-might. Christ’s eternal might is the reverse of His glory. He has the might (muscle) of the ages (1 Tim. 6:13-16) (Aland & Black 1968:729). John 4:24 explains God’s essence that God is spirit. God is in another realm the realm of the spiritual. He is separate from the material, time, space, and physical realm yet omnipresent. He is present in creation with his whole being at every point in the universe (Hodge 1975:1:376-380). Bernard (1969:150) cites 1 Kings 8:27 and Isaiah 31:3 as two Old Testament references that teach the spirituality of God. It is put in three words by Jesus. Jesus applied this to the description of true worship. Bernard (ibid:150) makes an important point that what is discussed at this point in John’s gospel is the Being of God rather than His personality. Hodge (1975:1:379) adds that the logical deduction is that God is a person and therefore has personality. L. S. Chafer (1971:1:180-81) argues that John 4:24 refers to the personality of God. A more careful exegesis of this passage demonstrates that the Being of God is taught rather than attributes manifested from His Essence. The passage and the context of John 4 center on true worship in comparison to false worship rather than the components of personality. A. A. Hodge (1972:139-140) summarizes man knows substance that is experienced by the manifestation of such on our senses. God has not any material limitations. He is not perceived by our senses (John 1:18). Jesus explained the Father (John 1:18, 14:9). God is a rational being who distinguishes between true and false worship. It follows (logical deduction) that he is a moral being differentiating between right and wrong (ibid:140).
3.2 The Unity of God
3.2.1 Definition
The unity of God means that God is one God (Deut. 6:4, James 2:19). The One God subsists in 3 persons, the Father, the Eternal Son, and the Holy Spirit. All three persons are co-equal, co-eternal and of one essence (substance), and indivisible (Matt. 28:19-20, John 14:16-17, 2 Cor. 13:14). Each person of the Godhead is God of very God. The Father is God (John 6:27, Eph. 4:6). Jesus, the Eternal Son is God (Heb. 1:8). The Spirit of God is God (Acts 5:3-4). Walvoord (1974:39-40) gives additional scriptural references for the unity of God (Ex. 20:3, Is. 44:6, John 10:30, 14:9, 17:11, 12,23, Col. 1:15). He adds these verses for the Eternal Son (Is. 7:14, 9:6). The verse added for the Father is Psalm 2:7. The verse added for the Spirit is Psalm 104:30 (ibid:39-40). A. A. Hodge (1972:138) writes on the Unity of God arguing for the uniqueness of God. There is only one God. This excludes all others. The three persons of the Godhead, constitute one essence (substance) which is indivisible. Chafer (1971:1:136) views Theology Proper as having a twofold division. The first is Theism which consists of the existence and attributes of God. The second is Trinitarianism which is the presentation of the three persons in the Godhead, their role, attributes, and relationships within the Godhead. Chafer (ibid:180) expands the definition of unity of God to include His person, His attributes, His decree, and names. The truth of the three persons of the Godhead that are co-equal, co-eternal, co-existence, of one essence or substance, and indivisible belong to Trinitarianism. Charles Hodge (1975:1:367) references the “Westminster Cathechism” that “God is a Spirit.” This statement includes both the incommunicable and communicable attributes of God. These attributes are