and venerated was prohibited, as were the use of vestments and many symbolic actions such as making the sign of the cross or kneeling and bowing at the name of Jesus. These changes were accomplished by dismissing priests and bishops who opposed such changes and in their place appointing new, more Protestant leaders. What was done under Edward was undone by Mary, beginning with returning the more Catholic bishops to power so that they could in turn remove clergy who opposed the return to more Catholic ways. Again, these conflicts were seen as a matter of fighting for the soul of the nation. As such, Protestant reformers who did not seek sanctuary in France or some other country outside of England were imprisoned. Some were executed, including Thomas Cranmer, who had been the primary author of the first English Book of Common Prayer.
