Second, when reading from the Reader’s Edition for the exercises or for your own bonus time, you will find that words fall into one of three categories: (1) words you already know, (2) words you don’t know but are listed in the footnotes, and (3) words you don’t know but are not listed in the footnotes. Words in the last category are likely common words (more than thirty times in the New Testament), even though you don’t remember them now. These are the words you should look up in the dictionary at the back of the Reader’s Edition. Again, don’t memorize the word. Just note its definition and continue reading. Over time you should find that you have to look up fewer and fewer words in the dictionary.
Exercise 4
Open your Reader’s Edition to John 16. Read as many verses as time allows from this chapter. As you read, do not worry too much about translating what you are reading, just try to recognize as many words as you can. Take a few moments to try to figure out each word before looking it up in the dictionary. But feel free to go to the dictionary as needed. If you can’t quickly find the word in the dictionary, just go on to the next word. Finding words in the dictionary will become easier and easier as we review Greek morphology in the days ahead.8
Reminder: If you committed to spending an extra fifteen minutes per day, be sure to set aside time to do that today, too.
7. If you have chosen to use a Bible software program instead of the Reader’s Edition, you can create your own list of vocabulary words by performing a word search for all words occurring more than thirty times, then having the program list the words and glosses. Check your software’s help files for details on how to do this.
8. Morphology means the study of the various forms Greek words take to convey their function in a sentence. You can find definitions of this and many other important terms in the glossary at the end of this book.
Day 5: Word Endings vs. Word Order
Big Idea #1: Word endings, not word order, determine the function of words in a Greek sentence.
In English, it is clear who is doing the action of the sentence because the “doer” comes before the verb. For example, in the sentence, “Jesus loves the disciple,” we know that Jesus is one who gives the love because the word “Jesus” comes before the verb “loves.” You’ll recall that the term for this is subject—“Jesus” is the subject of our sentence. Similarly, in this sentence “disciple” receives the love that Jesus gives because this word follows the verb. Because “disciple” follows the verb, “disciple” is the object of the sentence.
Greek follows a different model for encoding the subject and object of a sentence: distinct endings are added to the word to communicate whether it is the subject or object. The most common ending to indicate that a word is the subject of the sentence (or clause) is -ος. The -ον ending is the most common one to indicate that a word is the object.
To illustrate this, let us consider a made-up language, Greenglish. This made-up language uses English vocabulary with Greek word endings. The -os is added to the subject (like the Greek -ος) and the -on is added to the object and accompanying article (like the Greek -ον). The sentence used earlier becomes, “Jesusos loves theon discipleon.” But there are several other ways to write this without changing the meaning:
Jesusos theon discipleon loves.
theon discipleon Jesusos loves.
theon discipleon loves Jesusos.
loves Jesusos theon discipleon.
loves theon discipleon Jesusos.
All these Greenglish sentences are easily deciphered because we can easily see the -os and -on endings on the words. This allows us to easily transpose the subjects, verbs, and objects to their normal location in English. Translate this sentence from Greenglish into English: eats theon snakeon theos personos. Be careful here! You don’t want the wrong creature getting eaten! The correct translation is, the person eats the snake. This sentence describes the time I ate python in Africa. Thankfully, I was not the meal that day!
There are two more common endings in Greenglish: -ou and -o. The -ou ending is used for possession, and the -o ending indicates the indirect object of the sentence. Add the English word “of” when translating the Greenglish -ou words, and add “to” when translating -o words. Translate this: theo childo theon bookon libraryou gave theos manos. In English this becomes: The man gave the book of the library to the child. Or: The man gave the library’s book to the child.
Let’s turn to Greek. The endings on Greek words are a little bit harder to recognize at first because they’re placed on words you don’t recognize. But once you begin to recognize the vocabulary, spotting the endings becomes easier and easier. Here are the endings you should work on recognizing at the moment—both in the singular and the plural:
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative (≈subject) | -ος | -οι |
| Genitive (≈possessive) | -ου | -ων |
| Dative (≈indirect object) | -ῳ | -οις |
| Accusative (≈object) | -ον | -ους |
Here are some simple Greek sentences and their English translations:
| Original | Rearranged to English order | English |
| ὁ πατὴρ ἀγαπᾷ τὸν υἱὸν (John 3:35) | [no change] | The father loves the son. |
| ὁ δὲ θεὸς καὶ τὸν κύριον ἤγειρεν (1 Cor 6:14) | δὲ1 ὁ θεὸς καὶ ἤγειρεν τὸν κύριον | But God also raised the Lord. |
| εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν2 (Rom 5:12) | ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους | Death spread into all people. |
| τοῦτον τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀνέστησεν ὁ θεός (Acts 2:32) | ὁ θεός ἀνέστησεν τοῦτον τὸν Ἰησοῦν | God raised up this Jesus. |
| ἠγάπησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον (John 3:16) | ὁ θεὸς ἠγάπησεν τὸν κόσμον | God loved the world. |
| ἔλαβεν οὖν τοὺς ἄρτους ὁ Ἰησοῦς (John 6:11) | ὁ Ἰησοῦς οὖν3 ἔλαβεν τοὺς ἄρτους | Jesus, therefore, took the “breads” |
Exercise 5
Directions: Reread John 16 from yesterday’s exercises. This time, though, try to locate the subject and object of every sentence, as well as any possessives or indirect objects. Try to build up your understanding of each verse.
Reminder: If you committed to spending an extra fifteen minutes per day, be sure to set aside time to do that today, too.
9.