The Qur’an – uncreated Word of God though it doubtlessly is – was revealed and communicated through the medium of a human language – Arabic. No wonder its original text remains a livingmiracle in a variety of ways. Hence those who know Arabic have access to a whole universe of meaning which is not easy for others to reach. For it is only by reading the Qur’an in the original that one is exposed to its true beauty and grandeur. It is only the original Arabic Qur’an that can make one appreciate “that inimitable symphony the very sound of which moves man to tears and
x
Foreword
ecstasy,”1 as Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall has aptly put it. Even the best translations can never transport the Qur’an’s vast universe of meaning, or its astounding beauty and grandeur to their readers. The Qur’an, in this sense, was always and will always remain untranslatable. Imperfect though all such translations are always bound to be, nevertheless the effort to translate the Qur’an into other languages is absolutely essential to effectively communicate the substance of its meaning and message. Indeed it should be an ongoing activity of Muslim scholars for hopefully with the passage of time an increasingly better communication of the Qur’an’s meaning would be possible.
Now every language, including Arabic in which the Qur’an was revealed, has its own style, diction and ethos. The language of the Qur’an is characterized by a unique mental and moral ambience: it has a distinct style, supported by a value-laden idiom, a multi-dimensional phrase-structure, a sequential inter-relatedness, all of which is expressed in a literary style of unsurpassable beauty and force. The language and style of the Qur’an also reflect a set of values which are related to a number of concepts and ideas. All these go to make up an organic whole, a unique literary culture, and a self-sustaining spiritual and intellectual personality. In such a context it is evident that the translation needs to be really good to assist those who are not initiated to the ideas, values and spirit of this culture so that they are able to grasp the spirit and the meaning of the text. This is possible only if the translators have a good taste of the Arabic language, have remained immersed in the universe of the Qur’anic meaning, and have the ability to express it with clarity, elegance and force.
The translations of the Qur’an that are devoid of sympathy, understanding and reverence will fail to make their readers appreciate its message in any depth. It is unfortunate that several translations through which readers approach the Qur’an lack empathy for the Qur’an, and some even attempt, in our opinion, to distort and denigrate it. Even where a translation does not suffer
1 Pickthall, M.M.: The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (New York: Mentor), p.VII.
xi
Towards Understanding the Qur’an
from deliberate distortion or misrepresentation, it generally lacks an insightful understanding. Moreover, quite often these translations make a dull reading compared to the sparkling original. Since the ordinary reader of the Qur’an is not familiar with the ethos of the Qur’an and is not properly initiated into the culture of the Divine Word, he/she is often unable to taste its sweetness, to encompass its breadth, and fathom its depths, through many of these translations. Hence good translations in different languages, especially English, are a pressing need of the hour. It is heartening that a number of able scholars, who are respected by the Muslims as authentic spokespersons of Islam, have responded to this need of our times. Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall, and Muhammad Asad are some of the most outstanding names that instantly come to mind from among a growing body of distinguished translators of the Qur’an.
A great Muslim scholar of the twentieth century, Mawlana Sayyid Abul A[la Mawdudi (1903-1979), was conscious that a fresh effort to translate and explain the Qur’an was needed for the Urdu-reading public. In response to that he devoted several decades of his life and produced his monumental work, Tafhim al-Qur’an, which is a unique contribution to the contemporary literature on the exegesis of the Qur’an. The uniqueness of Tafhim lies in the fact that it is focused on explicating to the fullest extent possible the Guidance embodied in the Qur’an. The Qur’anic Guidance has to be optimally appreciated by all because it is meant to shape man’s worldview and outlook on life as well as to shape the pattern of individual and collective behaviour and to mould human institutions in line with the letter and spirit of God’s imperatives.
In Tafhim Sayyid Mawdudi also emphasizes that the Qur’an is not meant for a docile, arm-chair reading. It is essentially meant for those who seek to know the Truth and after knowing it will actively engage themselves in living according to its demands and will also strive to make it prevail in their milieu. It is meant for those who are ready to change themselves and willing truly to change the world around them. It calls upon those who embrace its message not to be satisfied ever with the status quo, but to strive
xii
Foreword
ceaselessly to improve themselves, improve their fellow-beings and improve the order of things in which they are placed.
Sayyid Mawdudi’s magnum opus, Tafhim al-Qur’an, was published in Urdu in six volumes and is spread over several thousand pages. It was felt that it should reach the vast body of English-reading public spread across the globe. Hence we arranged for its English translation which is being published under the auspices of the Islamic Foundation, Leicester, UK. Seven volumes of it have already been published. Work on the remaining volumes is under way but its completion may take several years. Hence it was considered appropriate to publish a shorter, one-volume work about the Qur’an that would be of use to those who might not have the time or sustained interest and patience to study the voluminous work that Tafhim is.
As good luck would have it, after completing Tafhim Sayyid Mawdudi himself became aware of the same need and therefore produced a one-volume edition of his work to which he gave the title Tarjuma-’i Qur’an-i Majid ma[ Mukhtasar Hawashi. Sayyid Mawdudi added to his translation of the Qur’an, which in itself was a landmark achievement, short notes which he considered essential for a clear understanding of the Qur’an. These notes are by far and large an abridgement of the copious notes of his Tafhim.
Sayyid Mawdudi’s translation has certain unique features. It is an interpretative translation in direct, forceful and modern Urdu which has now been rendered into forceful and modern English. In the first place, this translation conveys the meaning of the Qur’an in a style that hopefully reflects something of the beauty, force and majesty of the Qur’an. This translation is supported by short notes and those too in a very limited number. They primarily aim at clarifying either the background of a particular verse or elaborating a point where the uninitiated reader might require some assistance in grasping the meaning and import of a Qur’anic verse. It is hoped that in its present form the translation with short notes accompanying it will provide a useful aid for an essential understanding of the Qur’an. The purpose of the work is to assist those who seek to have access
xiii
Towards Understanding the Qur’an
to the meaning of the Qur’an but who can do so only through the medium of the English language.
Dr. Zafar Ishaq Ansari, my dear brother, life-long friend, and colleague has very ably produced the English rendering of this work. I have no hesitation in saying that Dr. Ansari has rendered the same kind of service to the English-reading public that Sayyid Mawdudi had rendered to the Urdu-reading public. It represents a monumental achievement. I pray to Allah to bless this effort and make it a light-house for those who are stumbling in quest of the Truth of which the Qur’an is a unique repository. May God bless all those who have contributed in one way or another to making this project see the light of day and may He amply reward