Marriage Without Borders
CONTEMPORARY ETHNOGRAPHY
Kirin Narayan and Alma Gottlieb, Series Editors
A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher.
MARRIAGE WITHOUT
BORDERS
Transnational Spouses in Neoliberal Senegal
Dinah Hannaford
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
PHILADELPHIA
Copyright © 2017 University of Pennsylvania Press
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.
Published by University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-0-8122-4934-7
In loving memory of Talla Nianga wise, kind, and honorable host father and friend
CONTENTS
Chapter 2. Precarity, Care Work, and Lives Suspended
Chapter 3. Loneliness, Elegance, and Reproductive Labor
Chapter 4. Mobility, Surveillance, and Infidelity
Chapter 5. Sex, Love, and Modern Kinship
Conclusion: The Handmaiden of Neoliberalism
Appendix: Scope and Methods of the Study
PREFACE
[Issa] told her that he would soon depart for Europe, that he absolutely wanted to marry her before he left, because he didn’t want to lose her. The dowry, the gifts, the jewelry and the big ceremony, he would take care of that right away on his first vacation back home. The young lady trembled.… She caught her breath, clung to his arm and bit her lip to control her smile. Issa savored his effect. He hadn’t prepared his speech well, but the word Europe was his best talisman. His fiancée, captivated, accepted with all her heart.… She could already see herself, radiant princess on her eve of coronation, adorned in her beautiful finery, welcoming her love home from Europe and rich with millions. Like her, her parents would accept and facilitate all the steps. They wouldn’t want to deny their dear daughter this marvelous future that was taking shape on the horizon.
—Fatou Diome, Celles qui attendent
In Fatou Diome’s novel, Those Who Wait, young Issa doesn’t need to offer his intended a detailed plan of how he will be successful in Europe. The young woman demands no explanation of how her fiancé will become a legal resident once his fishing boat arrives on the shores of the Canary Islands of Spain. Neither does she ask what kind of work he plans to pursue as a Senegalese high school dropout whose only work experience is in traditional fishing, who speaks not a word of Spanish, and who has no savings to draw on for his initial arrangements upon arrival. Instead, she begins mentally spending the fortunes she is certain he will earn once he makes it to that magical place called Europe.
Diome’s novel, which follows two pairs of mothers and wives of migrants awaiting the return of their overseas sons and husbands, is a fictionalization of what has become a commonplace family arrangement in contemporary Senegal. The book in your hands is an ethnographic account of these long-distance kin relationships in Senegal, which this author calls “transnational marriages”: marriages between Senegalese migrants and non-migrant women in Senegal. As is shown herein, these marriages are a direct response to diminishing confidence in Senegal’s ability to offer its citizens the means to live a fulfilling social life.
That Senegalese imagine better economic prospects abroad is not surprising. Within post-colonial Senegal, economic and social possibilities have steadily declined. Increasing inflation and a lack of remunerative employment make it progressively difficult for Senegalese men and women to find opportunities for financial and social advancement within post-colonial Senegal. Like young people in other parts of Africa facing the same retrenchment of social services and enfeebled economies post-structural adjustment,1 generations of Senegalese struggle to find pathways to successful adulthood in the face of dwindling opportunities.
What makes the Senegalese case compelling and confounding is the attempt to not simply build a future through migration, but to build a future in Senegal through migration out of the country. The popularity of transnational marriages illustrates not a wish to flee Senegal, but a desire and an intention to make life in Senegal a viable option through emigration. The popularity of transnational marriage points to an emergent imperative to secure ties to the world outside of Senegal to realize a social future within Senegal; achieving status and adulthood in Senegal now requires setting a proverbial or literal foot outside of the country.
Despite decades of transnational and return migration from Senegal and Europe, critical knowledge gaps lie in non-migrant understandings of life abroad. My research among Senegalese migrants in France and Italy and wives of migrants in Senegal reveals a fundamental irony about how Senegalese relate to Europe in particular, but to “bitim rëw” (“overseas”; literally “outside the country”) more generally. Though social success in Senegal increasingly depends on access to the world outside of Senegal in some capacity—such as through migration, kinship or marriage to a migrant, and remittances from abroad—most non-migrant Senegalese remain persistently uninformed about the realities of life overseas. Like the characters in Fatou Diome’s novel, many Senegalese migrate and marry migrants on the basis of simplistic and underdeveloped understanding