Essential Korean Grammar. Laura Kingdon

예쁠 거네 yeppeul geone 예쁘겠다/예쁠 것이다/예쁠 거다 yeppeugetda/yeppeul geosida/yeppeul geoda Noun statements ending in vowels Past 남자였소 namjayeotso 남자였네 namjayeonne 남자였다 namjayeotda Present 남자요 namjayo 남자이네 namja-i-ne 남자다/남자이다^B namjada/namja-i-da Future 남자일 거요 namja-il geoyo 남자일 거네 namja-il geone 남자일 갓이다/남자일 거다 namja-il gasida/namja-il geoda Noun statements ending in consonants Past 물이었소 mulieotso 물이었네 mulieonne 물이었다 mulieotda Present 물이오 mulio 물이네 muline 물이다 mulida Future 물일 거요 mulil geoyo 물일 거네 mulil geone 물일 것이다/물일 거다 mulil geosida/mulil geoda Commands ending in vowels Present 하시오 hasio 하게 hage 해라^E haela Commands ending in consonants Present 잡으시오^C jabeusio 먹게 meokge 먹어라^E meogeola Questions ending in vowels Past 했소? haetso? 했나?^A haetna? 했니? haetni? Present 하오? hao? 하나?^A hana? 하니? hani? Future 할 거요? hal geoyo? 할 건가? hal geonga? 할 것이니?/할 거니?^D hal geosini?/hal geoni? Questions ending in consonants Past 먹었소? meogeotso? 먹었나?^A meogeonna? 먹었니? meogeonni? Present 먹소? meokso? 먹나?^A meokna? 먹니? meokni? Future 먹을 거요? meogeul geoyo? 먹을 건가? meogeul geonga? 먹을 것이니?/할 거니?^D meogeul geosini?/hal geoni? Suggestions ending in vowels Present 합시다 hapsida 하세 hase 하자 haja Suggestions ending in consonants Present 먹읍시다 meogeupsida 잡세^C jabse 먹자 meokja

      A These are actually conjugated using the 나/(으)ㄴ가 question forms, which you can find on page 44. Action verbs such as the ones above are conjugated with 나 and descriptive verbs take (으)ㄴ가. So you would say 하나? but 예쁜가?, and 먹나? but 작은가?

      B 남자다 and 남자이다 are both acceptable.

      C This example was changed from 먹다 to 잡다 because it’s impolite to say 먹으세요 and 먹으십시오: you have to change them to 드세요 and 드십시오.

      D 거니 is a contraction of 것이니 and is much more commonly used.

      E These are conjugated with 어/아/여라, so they actually depend on the vowel in the first syllable rather than whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.

How to Add Expressions to Verbs

      This looks confusing at first, but with some practice it will become second nature to you. The best way to learn it is to learn how different expressions can connect to different verbs, and the good news here is that there are actually only a few ways to do this. First, find the stem of the verb you want to conjugate. That part is easy: just drop the 다, and there’s your verb stem. Thus, the stem of 하다 is 하, the stem of 먹다 is 먹, the stem of 모으다 moeuda is 모으, and so on. You will never add a Korean grammar expression to a verb including the 다 ending—always use the stem.

      Irregular verbs can be tricky, even for advanced students. However, even they are not totally lawless and will always interact with the same kinds of expressions in the same way. Go to the end of the irregular verbs section to find out how to combine them with each type of ending.

      Expressions that Don’t Change Verbs

      Many expressions, particularly those beginning with ㅈ or ㄱ, can simply be added to verbs on their own without any special adaptation. In these cases you won’t see anything in parentheses before the expression. Let’s take a look at three: 거든, 잖아요, and 지만.

		거든 geodeun	지만 jiman	잖아요 janhayo
Action verbs ending in a vowel	하다 hada	하거든 hageodeun	하지만 hajiman	하잖아요 hajanhayo
Action verbs ending in a consonant	먹다 meokda	먹거든 meokgeodeun	먹지만 meokjiman	먹잖아요 meokjanhayo
Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a vowel	예쁘다 yeppeuda	예쁘거든 yeppeugeodeun	예쁘지만 yeppeujiman	예쁘잖아요 yeppeujanhayo
Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a consonant	작다 jakda	작거든 jakgeodeun	작지만 jakjiman	작잖아요 jakjanhayo

      Expressions with 으 or 이 Prefixes

      You’ll see many expressions in this book that have either 으 or 이 before them in parentheses. In these cases, if your verb stem or noun ends in a