Good Rules of Thumb for Steam Turbines
Chapter 10: AC Electric Motors
Introduction
Controls
Instrumentation
The Effects of Voltage Unbalance
Insulation Classes and Their Thermal Ratings
Re-greasing Electric Motors
Unique Vibration Characteristics of Electric Motors
Notes About Motors
Useful Electric Motor Formulas and Tables
Chapter 11: Allowable Piping Vibration and Dynamic Strain
Dynamic Strain and Stress Guidelines
Chapter 12: Data Collection Tips
Common Types of Field Sensors
What Vibration Sensor Should I Use?
What Are the Components of Vibration?
Guidelines for Accelerometer Usage
Accelerometer Measurement Locations
Vibration Analysis Tips
Chapter 13: Machine Vibration Severity Guides
Velocity Guidelines
Acceleration Guidelines
Vibration Guidelines for Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
Vibration Guidelines for Displacement Measurements in Fluid Film Bearings
Vibration Guidelines for Reciprocating Compressors and Engines
Chapter 14: Basic Vibration Analysis Part I
Common Machinery Problems Associated with Vibration
Chapter 15: Basic Vibration Analysis Part II
Vibration Analysis Terms and Tables
Examples of Real Vibration Spectra
Chapter 16: Detection of Machinery Faults Using Utrasonics
Monitoring Bearing and Lubrication Condition
Monitoring Reciprocating Machinery
Other Applications
Chapter 17: Dynamic Pressure Measurements
Pressure Transducer Installation
Piezoelectric Transducers
Allowable Pulsation Levels for Reciprocating Compressors
Allowable Pulsation Levels for Reciprocating Pumps
Chapter 18: How to Identify Machinery, Piping, and Acoustic Resonances
Rotor Critical Speeds
Identifying Piping Resonances
Identifying Critical Speeds and Resonances
The Quality Factor or Q
Chapter 19: Temperature Limits
How Do Infrared Thermometers Work?
Bearing Temperature Trending
Bearing Temperature Guidelines
Compressor Temperature Monitoring
K Values for Common Gases
Chapter 20: Lubrication
Introduction
Lubrication Overview
Key Steps to a Cost-Effective and Reliable Lubrication Program
Oil Analysis Limits and Targets
Cleanliness Codes
Chapter 21: Machinery Rules of Thumb
Alignment
Balancing
Static Shaft Bow
Mechanical Seal Misalignment Guidelines
Journal Bearing Clearance
Piping Guidelines
Centrifugal Pump Wear Rings
Chapter 22: Lean Equipment Compliance
Applying TPM to Industrial Equipment
Applying Poka-Yoke
Management Audit and Follow-Up
Glossary of Lean Equipment Compliance (LEC) Terms
Chapter 23: Final Thoughts
Importance of Adding Value
Keys to a Successful Machinery Assessment Program
Ethics and Intellectual Dishonesty
Go Forth and Analyze
Appendix A: Glossary of Machinery Assessment Terms
Appendix B: Useful Conversions and Equations
Index
The authors would like to thank the many people involved in the preparation and review of this book. Specifically, we would like to recognize Ken Atkins of Engineering Dynamics for his help with the material on piping, reciprocating compressor vibration, and pressure pulsation guidelines; Jim Fitch and Mike Ramsey of Noria Corporation for their assistance with the lubrication chapter and the use of artwork; and John W. Davis for his help with the chapter on lean equipment compliance. The full potential of this field guide would never have been realized without assistance from the Industrial Press editors and reviewers.
Your phone rings on the weekend at the most inopportune time. After fumbling around for your cell phone you scan the number on the caller ID and quickly realize: it’s the plant! Your internal stress meter jumps from “relaxed” to “alert.” The unfamiliar voice on the other end of the phone informs you that a critical machine at the plant is acting up and could lead to the shutdown of a major portion the plant. Your meter jumps up another notch to “high alert.” You are vaguely familiar with the piece of equipment that the caller is talking about, but you are unsure of its construction details. You know everyone is depending on you for guidance on what to do next. Now what? Where do you begin?
The purpose of this guide is to provide those who deal with industrial process machines a handy resource for assessing the potential risk of failure. It also provides a solid basis for reliable and safe machinery operation. It was developed to be taken into the field by plant supervisors, maintenance personnel, and reliability professionals so that informed decisions about their equipment can be made.