Vowel pairs whose sounds merge
Like every other language, Hawaiian has vowel pairs whose sounds naturally “smooth” into each other. They’re similar to Italian or English diphthongs. The degree to which the two sounds are merged in Hawaiian is officially less than occurs in English, but most Hawaiian people I’ve talked with merge them fully. Vowel-pair pronunciation is approximately:
| ae | often smoothed txsxso “eye” as in “eyeful” or “i” in “ice” | |
| ai | often smoothed as for “ae,” above | |
| ao | often smoothed to sound like “ow” in “cow | |
| au | often smoothed to “ow” in “cow”, too | |
| ei | sometimes smoothed to “ay” as in “day | |
| eu | smooth the sounds together a little, like “ayoo” | |
| oi | usually like “oi” in “oil”—just what you’re used to | |
| ou | often smoothed to “oh,” the long-o sound |
Syllables
Every Hawaiian syllable ends in a vowel sound. A Hawaiian syllable never contains more than one consonant. That means every consonant goes with the vowel that follows it. Every vowel not preceded by a consonant stands alone when you break a written word into syllables (you may smooth some of them together when you speak). Examples:
| “Ua” | consists of the two syllables u-a (it means “rain”) |
| “Manoa” | consists of the three syllables Ma-no-a (a beautiful valley you’ll see on your hikes in the mountains behind Honolulu) |
| “Kaneohe” | consists of the four syllables Ka-ne-o-he (a large town on windward Oahu and also Marine Corps Air Station near there) |
| “Anuenue” | consists of the five syllables a-nu-e-nu-e (it means “rainbow”) |
| “Konahuanui” | consists of the six syllables Ko-na-hu-a-nu-i (a peak in the Koolau Range) |
| “Liliuokalani” | consists of the seven syllables Li-li-u-o-ka-la-ni (Hawaii’s last monarch and author of the beloved song “Aloha Oe”) |
Accent
In general, the accent falls on the next-to-last syllable for words with three or more syllables and on the first syllable for words of two syllables. For words of more than three syllables, you put a little stress on every other syllable preceding the accented one. Don’t worry about this; it seems to come naturally.
There are common-usage exceptions, such as makai (ma-KAI, with the accent on the last syllable). When you see exceptions such as those, chances are that what has happened is that European usage has fully merged two sounds into one. Proper Hawaiian pronunciation of makai would be closer to “ma-KA-i,” a three-syllable word with the last two syllables almost merging.
Hint for longer words: repetition and rhythm
Have you noticed the tendency in long Hawaiian words for groups of letters to repeat? That kind of repetition is fairly common. When you see a long Hawaiian word, don’t panic. Identify its repeating letter groups, figure out how to pronounce them individually, then put the whole word together. Chances are you’ll come pretty close to getting it correct.
For example, Wiliwilinui might throw you (it’s a ridge leading up into the mountains behind Honolulu and formerly the site of a popular hiking trail). But look at the repeating letter group wili (wi-li). See the word as “Wili/wili/nui”—two “wili”s followed by a “nui” (nu-i)—that makes “wi-li/wi-li/nu-i.” Once you’ve identified the repeating groups, the rhythm of the word comes naturally. Try this approach for longer words, including the former state fish:
humuhumunukunukuapuaa: two “hu-mu”s, two “nu-ku”s, and an “a-pu-a-a.” Now try it: “hu-mu/hu-mu/nu-ku/nu-ku/a-pu-a-a”…. Very good!
Makai and mauka
In Hawaii, local people often give directions or describe the location of a place as makai (merge the ai), which means “toward the sea,” or mauka (merge the au), which means “toward the mountains; inland.” I had a terrible time remembering which was which until I came up with this mnemonic:
Go makai
Where sea meets sky,
and Tom Winnett came up with:
Mauka is toward the MAUntains.
However, I still think in terms of left, right, north, south, east, and west. I don’t often use mauka and makai in this book.
Two other local-style directions you may encounter in Honolulu are “Ewa” (e-va), which means west toward Ewa town, and “Diamond Head,” which means east toward Diamond Head. Again, I don’t use these directions.
Do your best, with respect
Approach the language with respect, and give it your best shot. Then be prepared to hear local people pronounce it differently. Learn from them. Maybe it’s part of our jobs as visitors to inadvertently provide a little comic relief for those living and working here as opposed to just vacationing here.
Instant Hawaiian (see Bibliography) is a useful booklet that’s a lot less frivolous than its title implies. It begins, “So you’d like to learn to speak Hawaiian—you should live so long!” I felt I’d come to the right place. Look for it when you get to Hawaii.
1. Remember that Hawaiian evolved as a spoken, not a written, language. Authentic written Hawaiian uses two special marks to indicate other variations on pronouncing vowels in spoken Hawaiian. Those variations change the meaning of a word. One is the glottal stop, indicated by a single quotation mark (‘). It indicates that you should make a complete break in your voice before sounding the vowel that follows it. There really isn’t an English equivalent, though the break in “uh-oh!” is close. Another is the macron mark, which is a straight line over a vowel. It indicates that you should pronounce a vowel as a long sound instead of a short sound. For example, the Hawaiian long-a sound is “ah,” and the Hawaiian short-a sound is “uh.” We have the same sounds in English but don’t use special marks to distinguish between them except in dictionaries. Topographic maps and this book don’t use glottal stops or macron marks. (Unlike their counterparts on the Neighbor Islands, however, many street signs on Oahu use glottal stops and macron marks.)
Geology and History, Natural and Human
First, the earth
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth consists of:
A rigid, rocky outer shell, the lithosphere (“rocky zone”)
Beneath the lithosphere, a hot, semifluid layer, the asthenosphere (“weak zone”)
A core that doesn’t play a part in this oversimplified discussion
The lithosphere is broken into plates that move with respect to one another. Hot, fluid material, possibly from the asthenosphere or melted by contact with the asthenosphere, penetrates