126 Stephen Ball (ed.), Dublin Castle and the first home rule crisis (Cambridge, 2008).
127 Patrick O’Farrell, The Irish in Australia (Kensington, 1987), chapters 5–6; Mark McGowan, The wearing of the green: Catholics, the Irish and identity in Toronto 1887–1922 (Montreal, 1999).
128 David Noel Doyle, Irish Americans, native rights and national empires (Dublin, 1976); Michael Funchion (ed.), Irish American voluntary organisations (Connecticut, 1983), 183–9.
129 Owen McGee, The IRB, chapter 9.
130 The representative at the Hague conference was George Gavan Duffy, a London-Irish lawyer and Francophile Sinn Féiner. Gerard Keown, First of the small nations: the beginnings of Irish foreign policy in the interwar years 1919–1932 (Oxford, 2015), 26.
131 Patrick Geoghegan, Liberator: the life and death of Daniel O’Connell 1830–1847 (Dublin, 2010); Eoin MacNeill, Daniel O’Connell and Sinn Féin (Dublin, 1917).
132 Arthur Griffith, How Ireland is taxed (Dublin, 1907), 5, 8–9.
133 Arthur Griffith, The resurrection of Hungary: a parallel for Ireland (Dublin, 1904).
134 Arthur Griffith, The resurrection of Hungary: a parallel for Ireland with appendices on Pitt’s Policy and Sinn Féin (3rd ed., Dublin, 1918), 162.
135 Owen McGee, Arthur Griffith (Dublin, 2015), 78, 129–31. A handful of Irish champions of cooperative farming and cooperative banking went on educational business tours of America during Theodore Roosevelt’s term in office.
136 Jerome aan de Wiel, The Irish factor 1899–1919: Ireland’s strategic and diplomatic importance for foreign powers (Dublin, 2008), xvii, 4.
137 Michael Doorley, Irish-American diaspora nationalism (Dublin, 2005); Carl Wittke, The Irish in America (New York, 1956), 274–6 (quote).
138 George C. Herring, From colony to superpower, 132–7, 142–4, 154–7, 185–7.
139 Bernadette Whelan, American government in Ireland, 1790–1913: a history of the US consular service (Manchester, 2010), 262 (quote), 265.
140 Sean Connolly (ed.), Belfast 400: people, place and history (Liverpool, 2012), 27, 31, 37, 36, 41–2.
141 L. Litvack, C. Graham (eds), Ireland and Europe in the nineteenth century (Dublin, 2006), 117–21.
142 Fergus Gaines, ‘Sir Robert Hart (1835–1911)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009); Linda Lunney, ‘Sir John Newell Jordan (1852–1925)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
143 James Quinn, ‘James Bryce (1838–1922)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
144 G.R. Watson, The Ulster Covenant and Scotland (Belfast, 2012).
145 The text of the Anglo-American Arbitration Treaty can be found in The advocate of peace, vol. 73 no. 9 (Sep. 1911), 196–8.
146 Michael Doorley, Irish-American diaspora nationalism (Dublin, 2005), 28–30 (quote p. 28).
147 Owen McGee, Arthur Griffith, 107, 113.
148 W.E. Vaughan (ed.), A new history of Ireland, vol. 5 (Oxford, 1996), 791–4; W.E. Vaughan (ed.), A new history of Ireland, vol. 6 (Oxford, 1996), 355.
149 Jerome aan de Wiel, The Irish factor 1899–1919: Ireland’s strategic and diplomatic importance for foreign powers (Dublin, 2008), 22; W.E. Vaughan (ed.), A new history of Ireland, vol. 5 (Oxford, 1996), 794 (quote). Of the £11 million spent on UK coastal defence during the 1860s, only £120,000 of this was expended in Ireland (Cork) because it was believed that any invasion attempt would be concentrated on southern England. It was also considered that Irish ports would be inconvenient bases for any enemy force to use as part of a greater attack upon Britain. The development of submarine technology altered this perspective.
150 Sir Halford Mackinder, a Glasgow Tory MP, was its effective author. For an appreciative study of his writings, see Geoffrey Sloan, ‘Ireland and the geopolitics of Anglo-Irish relations’, Irish studies review, vol. 15 no. 2 (2007), 163–79.
151 Erskine Childers, The framework of home rule (London, 1911), chapter 10, part 3.
152 Patrick Buckland, James Craig (Dublin, 1980), 36.
153 Seamus Dunn, T.G. Fraser (eds), Europe and ethnicity: World War I and contemporary ethnic conflict (London, 1996), chapter 10.
154 Roger Casement, Ireland, Germany and the freedom of the seas (Philadelphia, 1914).
155 Jerome aan de Wiel, The Irish factor 1899–1919: Ireland’s strategic and diplomatic importance for foreign powers (Dublin, 2008), quoted 324.
156 Gabriel Doherty, Dermot Keogh (eds), 1916 (Cork, 2007).
157 NAI, Bureau of Military History papers, WS1170; Owen McGee, Arthur Griffith, 155–6, 161–5, 180–1. While many appeals were issued against his sentence, Casement’s posthumous reputation as a hanged rebel was shaped not least by memoirs by Robert Monteith in the 1930s and the British government’s offer of a return of his remains in 1965. De Valera chose to honour Casement in 1965 on the grounds of his initial work in highlighting human rights abuses in the Congo rather than his actions during the First World War. This reflected the fact that Casement’s ‘German Plot’ had led the British government to arrest de Valera and other