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Regional Physical Planning Program for Transmigration, ROI
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RI
|
Republic of Indonesia (also ROI)
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RMAP
|
Resource Management in Asia-Pacific
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RNH
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Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Nether- lands; formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie
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ROI
|
Republic of Indonesia (also RI)
|
|
RSA
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Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Herbarium, Claremont, California, USA (Herbarium)
|
|
SEC
|
south equatorial current
|
|
SK
|
decree (Surat Keputusan)
|
|
SKSHH
|
certificate that logs were legally obtained (Surat Keterangan Sahnya Hasil Hutan)
|
|
SPP
|
investigation warrant (Surat Perintah Penyidikan), also known as SP2 or SPRINT
|
|
SPPP
|
letter of termination of investigation (Surat Perintah Penghen- tian Penyidikan), also known as SP3
|
|
SSC
|
IUCN Species Survival Commission
|
|
SST
|
sea surface temperature
|
|
TAC
|
total allowable catch
|
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TL
|
thermo-luminescence (archeological dating technique)
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TMDU
|
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
|
|
TNC
|
The Nature Conservancy
|
|
TNI
|
Indonesian National Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia)
|
|
TNS
|
National Science Museum, Tsukuba, Japan (Herbarium)
|
|
TNWP
|
Tri-National Wetlands Program
|
|
Trikora
|
People's Threefold Command (Tri Komando Rakyat)
|
|
UC
|
University of California Herbarium, Berkeley, California, USA (Herbarium)
|
|
UNCEN
|
Cenderawasih University (Universitas Cenderawasih), Jaya- pura, Papua, Indonesia
|
|
UNDP
|
United Nations Development Program
|
|
UNEP
|
United Nations Environmental Program
|
|
UNESCO
|
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza- tion
|
|
UNFCCC
|
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|
|
UNIPA
|
State University of Papua (Universitas Negeri Papua), Ma- nokwari, Papua, Indonesia
|
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UniTech
|
University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, PNG
|
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UNTEA
|
United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
|
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UPNG
|
University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, PNG (Her- barium)
|
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UPT
|
Technical Implementation Units, Indonesia (Unit Pelaksana Teknis)
|
|
USNM
|
United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA
|
|
UU
|
law (Undang-Undang)
|
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WALHI
|
Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia)
|
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WCMC
|
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP)
|
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WCS
|
Wildlife Conservation Society
|
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WEI
|
Wau Ecology Institute, Wau, Morobe Province, PNG; formerly Bishop Museum Field Station
|
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WHO
|
World Health Organization
|
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WMA
|
Wildlife Management Areas, PNG
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WPWP
|
Western Pacific Warm Pool
|
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WRI
|
World Resources Institute
|
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WRSL
|
Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland (Herbarium)
|
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WSPCW
|
Western South Pacific Central Water
|
|
WWF
|
World Wide Fund for Nature; World Wildlife Fund in USA
|
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YALI
|
The Papua Environment Foundation (Yayasan Lingkungan Hidup Papua)
|
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YPMD
|
Irian Jaya Rural Community Development Foundation (Yaya- san Pengembangan Masyarakat Desa)
|
SECTION FIVE
Natural Ecosystems
5.1. The Diversity and Conservation of Papua’s Ecosystems
ANDREW J. MARSHALL
THE TERM ‘‘ECOSYSTEM’’ refers to a biological community and its physical environment. Sir Arthur Tansley, an English botanist who was a pioneer in the study of plant ecology, coined the term in 1935 in recognition of the fact that a true understanding of ecological processes requires consideration of organisms and their habitats as a single, integrated system (Tansley 1935). Some ecologists extended this view and argued that the ecosystem should be considered the basic unit of ecological investigation (e.g., Evans 1956; Rowe 1961). Although modern ecology incorporates research on a variety of scales, from populations of single species, through landscapes and ecoregions, to the entire biosphere, the consideration of ecosystems as functional units has produced important insights into a range of important ecological processes, such as primary production, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. In this section we take a broad, ecosystem-level view of the Papuan environment. This level of analysis allows us to consider issues of biodiversity, conservation, and human well-being from a broader perspective than is possible when these issues are examined at smaller spatial scales. In this introductory chapter I comment briefly on some general concepts related to ecosystem classification, diversity, services, and conservation, and consider how these concepts can be applied to the management and preservation of Papua’s ecosystems. In the following twelve chapters, experts provide overviews of the ecology, organization, and conservation of Papua’s most important ecosystem types.
First, a comment on terminology. In ecology, as in many other scientific disciplines, terminology is both a blessing and a burden. When clearly defined and applied, specific terms unambiguously convey meaning and permit relevant debate. Unfortunately, ecological terms are frequently used in contexts other than those in which they were originally applied, without appropriate definition or clarification. Such misuses of terminology obscure meaning and can result in vigorous debates that create much heat while shedding little light
