Part Four THE ENVIRONMENT 52 18 Urbanization 54 China is undergoing the largest internal migration in the history of the world. 19 Transport 56 The growth of motorized traffic in China’s cities is indicative of the drive towards rapid modernization. 20 Air Pollution 58 The conflict between environmental protection and economic growth is one of China’s foremost dilemmas. 21 Water Resources 60 China is facing a water crisis – both in terms of supply and of quality. Part Five GOVERNANCE AND RIGHTS 62 22 Who Runs China 64 China is a one-party state, with supreme power exercised by the nine members of the Politburo. 23 Chinese Communist Party 66 The CCP is the most powerful political party in the world. 24 The People’s Liberation Army 68 The PLA is controlled by the Party-State through two arms of the Central Military Commission, both of them chaired by Chairman Hu Jintao. 25 Rule of Law 70 In the era of economic reform, China has moved towards enshrining the rule of law in the constitution and in practice. 26 State Versus Citizens 72 China is a more open society than 30 years ago. Part Six LIVING IN CHINA 74 27 Households 76 China’s one-child policy is creating a population with a high proportion of elderly dependents. 28 Food 78 China’s national diet is changing, with urbanites eating an increasing amount of meat and dairy products. 29 Health 80 Increased commercialization of China’s healthcare system is putting certain treatments beyond the means of many households. 30 Education 82 China has over 130 million children in primary and secondary education. 31 Media and Telecoms 84 China’s burgeoning media sector is a sign of its growing economy. 32 Religion 86 Only five religions are allowed by the Chinese government. Part Seven DATES AND DATA 88 Chronology 1949–1979 90 Chronology 1980–2010 92 Data Tables China in the World 94 China: Population 96 China: Economy 98 China: Living and Lifestyle 100 China: Natural Resources 102 Commentaries and Sources 104 Select Bibliography 125 Index 127